Programming Languages

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|thiscat=Programming Languages
 
|thiscat=Programming Languages
 
|released=~1950
 
|released=~1950
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|image=Babbage difference engine drawing.gif
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|caption=Babbage's Difference Engine
 
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'''Programming languages''' are languages expected to be executed (interpreted, compiled, etc.) by a machine in order to perform operations or algorithms. They are distinct from markup languages, which represent the structure of a document rather than specific operations to be performed, though it is possible to combine both in a document (e.g., HTML containing embedded JavaScript, or PHP code which includes HTML). Programming language code is stored as [[source code]] which may be directly interpreted by a machine or compiled or assembled into [[executables]].
  
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Programming languages are languages expected to be executed (interpreted, compiled, etc.) by a machine in order to perform operations or algorithms. They are distinct from markup languages, which represent the structure of a document rather than specific operations to be performed, though it is possible to combine both in a document (e.g., HTML containing embedded JavaScript, or PHP code which includes HTML). Programming language code is stored as [[source code]] which may be directly interpreted by a machine or compiled or assembled into [[executables]].
+
== Programming languages ==
  
 +
* [[ABC (programming language)]]
 
* [[ActionScript]] (Flash)
 
* [[ActionScript]] (Flash)
 +
** [[ActionScript Byte Code]]
 
* [[Ada]]
 
* [[Ada]]
−
* [[Algol]]
+
* [[ALGOL]]
 +
* [[Anim8or Scripting Language]]
 
* [[APL]]
 
* [[APL]]
−
* [[Assembly language]] (various versions for different machine architectures)
+
* [[APT (programming language)|APT]]
−
* [[BASIC]] (Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
+
* [[AppleScript]]
−
* [[C]]
+
* [[Arc (programming language)|Arc]]
−
* [[C++]]
+
* [[Arduino programming language]]
−
* [[C#]]
+
* [[Assembly language]] (.asm, .s) (various versions for different machine architectures)
 +
* [[Aussie++]]
 +
* [[Austral]]
 +
* [[AutoHotkey]]
 +
* [[AutoLISP]]
 +
* [[AWK]]
 +
* [[B]]
 +
* [[BASIC]] (Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) (.bas) -- See also [[Tokenized BASIC]]
 +
* [[Batch file]] (DOS, Windows, OS/2)
 +
* [[BCPL]]
 +
* [[BLISS]]
 +
* [[Blitz BASIC]]
 +
** [[Blitz3D]]
 +
* [[BlooP, FlooP, and GlooP]]
 +
* [[Bourne shell script]] (.sh)
 +
* [[Brainfuck]]
 +
* [[Breder]]
 +
* [[C]] (.c, .cc, .h)
 +
* [[C Sharp|C#]] (.cs)
 +
* [[C shell script]]
 +
* [[C++]] (.cpp, .cxx)
 +
* [[C+=]]
 +
* [[CakeML]]
 +
* [[CEEMAC]]
 +
* [[CFEngine]]
 +
* [[CHIP-8]]
 +
* [[ChordQL]]
 +
* [[Clipper (programming language)]]
 +
* [[Clojure]]
 +
** [[ClojureScript]]
 
* [[COBOL]] (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
 
* [[COBOL]] (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
 +
* [[CoffeeScript]]
 +
* [[ColdFusion]]
 
* [[COMAL]]
 
* [[COMAL]]
−
* [[dBase programming language]] (and related languages such as [[FoxPro]] and [[Clipper]])
+
* [[COMIT]]
 +
* [[COW]]
 +
* [[Coq]]
 +
* [[CORC]] (Cornell Computing Language)
 +
* [[CPL]]
 +
* [[Crystal]]
 +
* [[CUPL]] (Cornell University Programming Language)
 +
* [[Cython (Pyrex)]]
 +
* [[D]]
 +
* [[Dart]] (was Dash)
 +
* [[Dern]]
 +
* [[dBase programming language]]
 +
* [[DogeScript]]
 +
* [[Dylan]]
 +
* [[Elixir]]
 +
* [[Elm]]
 +
* [[Erlang]]
 +
* [[Expect]]
 +
* [[Extended Batch Language]] (EBL)
 +
* [[F Sharp|F#]]
 +
* [[Fantom]]
 +
* [[Fish shell]] (*.fish)
 +
* [[Flare]]
 +
* [[Flow]]
 +
* [[Forth]]
 
* [[FORTRAN]] (FORmula TRANslation)
 
* [[FORTRAN]] (FORmula TRANslation)
 +
* [[FoxPro programming language]]
 +
* [[Free Pascal]]
 +
* [[Fusion (programming language)|Fusion]] (.fu, .ci)
 +
* [[GAMS]] (.gms)
 +
* [[GDL Script]] - scripting language used in ARCHICAD (.gdl)
 +
* [[Gherkin]]/Cucumber
 +
* [[Go]]
 +
* [[Graphics Programming Language]] (GPL) (mid-level language on TI computers)
 +
* [[Groovy]]
 +
* [[HamsterSpeak]]
 +
* [[Haskell]]
 +
* [[Haxe]]
 +
* [[High Level Shading Language]] (HLSL)
 +
* [[Hoon]]
 +
* [[Hopscotch]]
 +
* [[HyperTalk]]
 +
* [[IDL]]
 
* [[INTERCAL]]
 
* [[INTERCAL]]
−
* [[Java]]
+
* [[Ioke]]
−
* [[JavaScript]] (JScript, ECMAscript)
+
* [[Java]] (.j, .jav, .java)
 +
* [[JavaScript]] (JScript, [[ECMAScript]]) (.js)
 +
** [[Node.js]]
 +
** [[React]]
 +
** [[TypeScript]]
 +
* [[JCL]] (Job Control Language; used on IBM mainframes)
 +
* [[JOSS]]
 +
* [[JSONata]] [http://jsonata.org/]
 +
* [[JSX]]
 +
* [[Julia]]
 +
* [[Kotlin]]
 
* [[LISP]]
 
* [[LISP]]
 +
* [[LiveScript]]
 
* [[Logo]]
 
* [[Logo]]
 +
* [[LOLCODE]]
 +
* [[Lollipop]]
 +
* [[Lua]]
 +
* [[Lurk]]
 
* [[Machine language]] (various versions for different machine architectures)
 
* [[Machine language]] (various versions for different machine architectures)
 +
* [[MATLAB script file]] (.m)
 +
* [[MDL (programming language)|MDL]] (.mud)
 +
* [[Microcode]]
 +
* [[mIRC scripting language]]
 +
* [[ML]]
 
* [[MUMPS]] (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System)
 
* [[MUMPS]] (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System)
−
* [[Objective C]] (used in Mac and iOS development)
+
* [[Music Macro Language]] (.mmi)
−
* [[Pascal]]
+
* [[Nim]]
−
* [[Perl]]
+
* [[Nock]]
−
* [[PHP]]
+
* [[NetLogo]]
−
* [[PL/1]]
+
* [[Object Pascal]] (including Delphi)
−
* [[Programmable calculators]]
+
* [[Objective-C]] (.m, .h) (used in Mac and iOS development)
 +
* [[OCaml]]
 +
* [[OpenGL Shading Language]] (GLSL)
 +
* [[P (Microsoft programming language)|P]] (Microsoft)
 +
* [[Pascal]] (.pas)
 +
* [[Pawn]]
 +
* [[Perl]] (.pl, .pm)
 +
* [[PHP]] (.php)
 +
* [[Piet]]
 +
* [[PikaScript]]
 +
* [[PILOT]]
 +
* [[Pixie (programming language)|Pixie]]
 +
* [[Pixilang]] (.pixi)
 +
* [[PL/I]]
 +
* [[PLASMA]]
 +
* [[PostScript]]
 +
* [[PowerShell]]
 +
* [[Processing]]
 +
* [[Programmable Command Language]] (PCL), for TOPS-20
 
* [[Prolog]]
 
* [[Prolog]]
−
* [[Python]]
+
* [[Pyramid]]
−
* [[RPG]]
+
* [[Python]] (.py, .pyc, .pyo, .pyd)
 +
* [[QML]]
 +
* [[Q Sharp|Q#]]
 +
* [[Quorum]]
 +
* [[R]]
 +
* [[Racket]]
 +
* [[Raku]]
 +
* [[Rant]]
 +
* [[Ratfor]]
 +
* [[Redcode]]
 +
* [[RenderWare object]] (.rwx)
 +
* [[RobotWar]]
 +
* [[RPG]]/RPGLE/RPG IV/RPG ILE (.rpgle, .sqlrpgle)
 
* [[Ruby]]
 
* [[Ruby]]
 +
* [[Rust]]
 +
* [[S]]
 +
* [[SAIL]]
 +
* [[Scala]]
 +
* [[Scheme]]
 +
* [[SCODL]]
 +
* [[Scratch]]
 +
* [[Server Side Includes]]
 +
* [[Shen]]
 +
* [[Sikuli]]
 +
* [[Skip]]
 +
* [[Smalltalk]]
 
* [[SNOBOL]]
 
* [[SNOBOL]]
−
* [[SQL]]
+
* [[Solidity]]
 +
* [[Squiggle]]
 +
* [[Squirrel]]
 +
* [[Standard ML]]
 +
* [[StarLogo]]
 +
* [[Swift]] (Apple) (.swift)
 +
* [[Swift (parallel scripting)]]
 +
* [[SYSDOOM]]
 +
* [[Tabloid (programming language)|Tabloid]]
 +
* [[Tcl]]
 +
* [[TECO]]
 
* [[TRAC programming language]]
 
* [[TRAC programming language]]
 +
* [[TUTOR]]
 +
* [[TypeScript]]
 +
* [[Verilog]]
 +
* [[vim script]]
 +
* [[Visual Basic]]
 +
* [[VBScript]]
 +
* [[Vue.js]] component files
 +
* [[WaveGL]]
 +
* [[WebAssembly]]
 +
* [[Wenyan]] (文言)
 +
* [[Windows Script File]]
 +
* [[WMLScript]]
 +
* [[Wolfram Language]]
 +
* [[Wuffs]]
 +
* [[ZAP]]
 +
* [[Z-code]]
 +
* [[ZIL]]
  
−
==Resources==
+
== Logical assertion languages ==
 +
* [[SNARK]]
 +
 
 +
== Query languages ==
 +
* [[Fauna Query Language]] (FQL)
 +
* [[PRQL]]
 +
* [[SPARQL]]
 +
* [[SQL]]
 +
 
 +
== Templates, macros, preprocessors, etc. ==
 +
* [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]]
 +
* [[doT]]
 +
* [[DSSSL]]
 +
* [[Jinja]]
 +
* [[Jsonnet]] [https://jsonnet.org/]
 +
* [[Liquid]] (.liquid)
 +
* [[M4]] (.m4)
 +
* [[Pug]]
 +
* [[Smarty]]
 +
* [[XSL]]
 +
* [[XSLT]]
 +
 
 +
For additional macro formats, especially binary formats, see [[Executables#Macros or automated scripting]].
 +
 
 +
See also [[Web#Scripts/Applets/Plug-Ins/Frameworks/APIs/Templating]].
 +
 
 +
See [[Wikipedia:Category:Template engines]] for another list of template systems.
 +
 
 +
== Other/Miscellaneous ==
 +
* [[Nomyx language]]
 +
* [[Programmable calculators]]
 +
 
 +
== See also ==
 +
* [[Development]]
 +
* [[Executables]]
 +
* [[Interactive Fiction]] engines often use specialized programming languages for game development.
 +
* [[Resources]]
 +
* [[Source code]]
 +
 
 +
== External links ==
 +
===Resources===
 
* A comprehensive list of over 2000 programming languages and a small sample programs for each of them is available [http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/ here]
 
* A comprehensive list of over 2000 programming languages and a small sample programs for each of them is available [http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/ here]
 
* [http://rosettacode.org/ Rosetta Code] attempts to present solutions to the same task in different programming languages.
 
* [http://rosettacode.org/ Rosetta Code] attempts to present solutions to the same task in different programming languages.
 +
* [http://storify.com/carlzimmer/coding-for-middle-school-girls?utm_content=storify-pingback&utm_source=t.co&utm_campaign=&awesm=sfy.co_s2LP&utm_medium=sfy.co-twitter Coding for middle-school girls] (tips on introducing them to programming)
 +
* [http://langpop.corger.nl/ Programming language popularity chart (based on Github and StackOverflow activity)]
 +
* [http://hivelogic.com/articles/top-10-programming-fonts Top 10 programming fonts]
 +
* [http://www.integralwebsolutions.co.za/Blog/EntryId/901/What-s-The-Most-Popular-Programming-Language.aspx What’s The Most Popular Programming Language?]
 +
* [http://lifehacker.com/which-programming-language-should-i-learn-first-1477153665 Which programming language should I learn first?]
 +
* [http://exple.tive.org/blarg/2013/10/22/citation-needed/ Why array indices start at zero; historical info]
 +
* [http://www.codecademy.com/ Code Academy: learn to code interactively online]
 +
* [http://howto.cnet.com/8301-11310_39-57615356-285/best-free-sites-for-learning-how-to-write-code/ Best free sites for learning how to write code]
 +
 +
=== Commentary ===
 +
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/02/27/what-most-schools-should-reall.html Why you should learn to program]
 +
* [http://mentalfloss.com/article/53160/meet-refrigerator-ladies-who-programmed-eniac Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC]
 +
* [http://devblog.avdi.org/2014/01/31/the-moderately-enthusiastic-programmer/ The Moderately Enthusiastic Programmer]
 +
* [http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/10/my-experience-as-a-fourth-grade-hacker/ My Experience As A Fourth Grade Hacker]
 +
* [https://medium.com/learning-to-code/565fc9dcb329 Things I Wish Someone Had Told Me When I Was Learning How to Code]
 +
* [http://michaelochurch.wordpress.com/2012/01/15/the-problem-with-programming-language/ A problem with the term, programming “language”]
 +
* [http://animalnewyork.com/2014/artists-notebook-ramsey-nasser/ Discussion of creating programming languages in Arabic]
 +
* [http://www.viva64.com/en/b/0260/ The Last Line Effect]
 +
* [http://bost.ocks.org/mike/algorithms/ Visualizing algorithms]
 +
* [http://www.playthepast.org/?p=4982 Excavating Code: An Archaeological Record of Software Development]
 +
* [https://medium.com/towards-a-remarkable-career/the-art-of-the-bug-ac5a535315fa The art of the bug: Failure should be fun]
 +
* [https://speakerdeck.com/craigstuntz/incredibly-strange-programming-languages Incredibly Strange Programming Languages (presentation)]
 +
 +
===Humor===
 +
* [http://james-iry.blogspot.com/2009/05/brief-incomplete-and-mostly-wrong.html A Brief, Incomplete, and Mostly Wrong History of Programming Languages]
 +
* [http://colinm.org/language_checklist.html Programming Language Checklist]
 +
* [http://www.quora.com/Programming-Languages/If-there-is-a-war-of-programming-languages-who-would-you-support-and-why/answer/Prithviraj-Udaya?srid=LZ&st=ns Programming languages as Tolkien characters]
 +
* [http://programmingisterrible.com/post/65781074112/devils-dictionary-of-programming Devil's Dictionary of Programming]
 +
* [http://9gag.com/gag/av0z0Bn?ref=fb.s This Is Why You Shouldn't Interrupt A Programmer]
 +
* [http://kingjamesprogramming.tumblr.com/ Random mashup generator of the King James Bible and a programming book]
 +
* [http://moviecode.tumblr.com/ What the computer code seen on screens in movies and TV shows actually does]
 +
 +
===Misc.===
 +
* [http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/obama-slow-man-27453525 President Obama writes a line of code (video)]
 +
* [https://medium.com/@3fingeredfox/margaret-hamilton-lead-software-engineer-project-apollo-158754170da8 Picture: Margaret Hamilton, lead software engineer, Project Apollo, with source code from moon landing mission]
 +
* [http://www.watchpeoplecode.com/ Watch People Code (live video streams)]

Latest revision as of 21:17, 6 February 2024

File Format
Name Programming Languages
Ontology
Released ~1950

Babbage's Difference Engine

Babbage's Difference Engine

Programming languages are languages expected to be executed (interpreted, compiled, etc.) by a machine in order to perform operations or algorithms. They are distinct from markup languages, which represent the structure of a document rather than specific operations to be performed, though it is possible to combine both in a document (e.g., HTML containing embedded JavaScript, or PHP code which includes HTML). Programming language code is stored as source code which may be directly interpreted by a machine or compiled or assembled into executables.

Contents

[edit] Programming languages

[edit] Logical assertion languages

[edit] Query languages

[edit] Templates, macros, preprocessors, etc.

For additional macro formats, especially binary formats, see Executables#Macros or automated scripting.

See also Web#Scripts/Applets/Plug-Ins/Frameworks/APIs/Templating.

See Wikipedia:Category:Template engines for another list of template systems.

[edit] Other/Miscellaneous

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[edit] Resources

[edit] Commentary

[edit] Humor

[edit] Misc.

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