BMP

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|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/116}}, others
 
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/116}}, others
 
}}
 
}}
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== Overview ==
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'''BMP''' is a family of raster image file formats primarily used on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The format is sometimes known as '''Device-Independent Bitmap''' ('''DIB'''), since, when loaded into memory using Windows software, the image is held as a DIB structure.
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'''BMP''' is a family of raster graphics image file formats designed to store bitmap digital images independently of a display device.  BMP was originally and is primarily used on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The format is sometimes known as Device-Independent Bitmap (DIB), since, when loaded into memory using Windows software, the image is held as a DIB structure.
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Though seemingly a simple format, it is complicated by its many different versions, lack of an official specification, lack of any version control process, and ambiguities and contradictions in the documentation.
 
Though seemingly a simple format, it is complicated by its many different versions, lack of an official specification, lack of any version control process, and ambiguities and contradictions in the documentation.
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Images are usually uncompressed, but [[Run-length encoding|RLE]] compression can be used under some conditions. [[JPEG]], [[PNG]], and [[Modified Huffman|Huffman 1D]] compression are also theoretically possible, but rarely supported.
 
Images are usually uncompressed, but [[Run-length encoding|RLE]] compression can be used under some conditions. [[JPEG]], [[PNG]], and [[Modified Huffman|Huffman 1D]] compression are also theoretically possible, but rarely supported.
  
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== Identification ==
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== Identifiers ==
 
No MIME type has been officially registered. Strings found in practice are:  image/bmp; image/x-bmp; image/x-ms-bmp
 
No MIME type has been officially registered. Strings found in practice are:  image/bmp; image/x-bmp; image/x-ms-bmp
  
 
The usual filename extension is '''.bmp'''. Extensions '''.rle''' (for RLE-compressed images) and '''.dib''' are also sometimes seen. Reportedly, '''.rl4''' and '''.rl8''' have also been used. The '''.dib''' extension sometimes means that the file lacks a ''file header''. The '''.ddb''' extension is used only for v1 files.
 
The usual filename extension is '''.bmp'''. Extensions '''.rle''' (for RLE-compressed images) and '''.dib''' are also sometimes seen. Reportedly, '''.rl4''' and '''.rl8''' have also been used. The '''.dib''' extension sometimes means that the file lacks a ''file header''. The '''.ddb''' extension is used only for v1 files.
  
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== Identification ==
 
All common types of BMP files start with bytes <code>'B' 'M' ?? ?? 00 00 00 00</code>.
 
All common types of BMP files start with bytes <code>'B' 'M' ?? ?? 00 00 00 00</code>.
  
 
== Well-known versions ==
 
== Well-known versions ==
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BMP files (except for v1) use a common 14-byte file header, named BITMAPFILEHEADER. Following that is the "Info header", which begins with a 4-byte integer indicating its size. The Info header size (mostly) reveals the version of BMP that the file uses.
 
BMP files (except for v1) use a common 14-byte file header, named BITMAPFILEHEADER. Following that is the "Info header", which begins with a 4-byte integer indicating its size. The Info header size (mostly) reveals the version of BMP that the file uses.
  
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* PRONOM: {{PRONOM|fmt/118}}
 
* PRONOM: {{PRONOM|fmt/118}}
  
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Introduced with Windows 95.
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Introduced with Windows 95. Adds support for transparency and colorimetry.
  
 
=== Windows BMP v5 ===
 
=== Windows BMP v5 ===
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* PRONOM: {{PRONOM|fmt/119}}
 
* PRONOM: {{PRONOM|fmt/119}}
  
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Introduced with Windows 98.
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Introduced with Windows 98. Adds support for [[ICC profile|ICC profiles]].
  
 
== Other versions ==
 
== Other versions ==
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== Symbol definitions ==
 
== Symbol definitions ==
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Here are the definitions, from the Windows SDKs, of some of the symbols used in the BMP documentation.
 
Here are the definitions, from the Windows SDKs, of some of the symbols used in the BMP documentation.
  

Revision as of 21:00, 8 September 2013

File Format
Name BMP
Ontology
Extension(s) .bmp, .rle, .dib, .ddb
LoCFDD fdd000189
PRONOM fmt/116, others

BMP is a family of raster image file formats primarily used on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating systems. The format is sometimes known as Device-Independent Bitmap (DIB), since, when loaded into memory using Windows software, the image is held as a DIB structure.

Though seemingly a simple format, it is complicated by its many different versions, lack of an official specification, lack of any version control process, and ambiguities and contradictions in the documentation.

Images are usually uncompressed, but RLE compression can be used under some conditions. JPEG, PNG, and Huffman 1D compression are also theoretically possible, but rarely supported.

Contents

Identifiers

No MIME type has been officially registered. Strings found in practice are: image/bmp; image/x-bmp; image/x-ms-bmp

The usual filename extension is .bmp. Extensions .rle (for RLE-compressed images) and .dib are also sometimes seen. Reportedly, .rl4 and .rl8 have also been used. The .dib extension sometimes means that the file lacks a file header. The .ddb extension is used only for v1 files.

Identification

All common types of BMP files start with bytes 'B' 'M' ?? ?? 00 00 00 00.

Well-known versions

BMP files (except for v1) use a common 14-byte file header, named BITMAPFILEHEADER. Following that is the "Info header", which begins with a 4-byte integer indicating its size. The Info header size (mostly) reveals the version of BMP that the file uses.

Windows BMP v2

  • Info header size: 12
  • Info header name: BITMAPCOREHEADER or OS21XBITMAPHEADER
  • PRONOM: fmt/115

Also known as OS/2 BMP 1.0.

Some sources say that the height and width fields in Windows BMP v2 are signed integers (which would make the Windows BMP v2 and OS/2 BMP 1.0 formats slightly different), but modern documentation says they are unsigned integers.

Windows BMP v3

  • Info header size: 40
  • Info header name: BITMAPINFOHEADER
  • PRONOM: fmt/116, fmt/117

This is by far the most widely used version of BMP. It was introduced with Windows 3.x. Windows NT extended it to support 16 and 32 bits/pixel.

Windows CE also extended it, for example to allow 2 bits/pixel, but its extensions were not migrated to the BMP v4 and v5 formats.

It is apparently possible for OS/2 BMP 2.0 format to masquerade as Windows BMP v3. The upshot is that if the compression type is 3 and the bit depth is 1, or the compression type is 4 and the bit depth is 24, then the file should be treated as OS/2 BMP 2.0.

Windows BMP v4

  • Info header size: 108
  • Info header name: BITMAPV4HEADER
  • PRONOM: fmt/118

Introduced with Windows 95. Adds support for transparency and colorimetry.

Windows BMP v5

  • Info header size: 124
  • Info header name: BITMAPV5HEADER
  • PRONOM: fmt/119

Introduced with Windows 98. Adds support for ICC profiles.

Other versions

Windows BMP v1

This is the bitmap file format used by Windows 1.0. It's not really a BMP format. It has a 10-byte file header, and is also called "DDB" (Device-Dependent Bitmap).

OS/2 BMP 2.0

  • Info header size: 16–64 (16, 40, 48, and 64 may be most common)
  • Info header name: BITMAPCOREHEADER2 or OS22XBITMAPHEADER
  • PRONOM: x-fmt/270

OS/2 BMP 2.0 defines several file subtypes; here we are describing only the "Bitmap" subtype (files with a signature of "BM"). For other subtypes, see OS/2 BMP.

The header size can be reduced from its full size of 64 bytes. Omitted fields are assumed to have a value of zero.

The fields in the first 40 bytes of the header are (nearly) identical to those in Windows BMP v3, v4, and v5. The remaining fields are different.

OS/2 BMP 2.0 supports compression types "Huffman 1D" and "RLE24", unlike any other version of BMP.

BITMAPV2INFOHEADER

  • Info header size: 52
  • Info header name: BITMAPV2INFOHEADER

No details known.

BITMAPV3INFOHEADER

  • Info header size: 56
  • Info header name: BITMAPV3INFOHEADER

No details known.

Symbol definitions

Here are the definitions, from the Windows SDKs, of some of the symbols used in the BMP documentation.

All integers use little-endian byte order.

Symbol Definition
WORD unsigned 16-bit integer
DWORD unsigned 32-bit integer
LONG signed 32-bit integer
BI_RGB 0
BI_RLE8 1
BI_RLE4 2
BI_BITFIELDS 3
(Huffman 1D) 3
BI_JPEG 4
(24-bit RLE) 4
BI_PNG 5
BI_ALPHABITFIELDS 6
BI_SRCPREROTATE 0x8000 (?)
LCS_CALIBRATED_RGB 0
LCS_sRGB 'sRGB' = 0x73524742
LCS_WINDOWS_COLOR_SPACE 'Win ' = 0x57696e20
PROFILE_LINKED 'LINK' = 0x4c494e4b
PROFILE_EMBEDDED 'MBED' = 0x4d424544
LCS_GM_BUSINESS 1
LCS_GM_GRAPHICS 2
LCS_GM_IMAGES 4
LCS_GM_ABS_COLORIMETRIC 8

Specifications

Sample images

Resources

Retrieved from "http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=BMP&oldid=13228"
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