View source for Gramophone record

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=physical
|released=1889
|image=records.jpg
|caption=Some vinyl records
}}

A '''gramophone''' or '''phonograph record''' is a disc-shaped object with analog audio stored in a groove (groovy!) which runs in a spiral from the outside of the record to the center, where there is usually a label and a hole in the middle to allow the record to be placed on a turntable to be played. It is played by placing a needle in the groove and starting the record rotating on the turntable, so that the needle tracks the groove and vibrates to produce sound which is amplified by a receiver. Monaural records have only one track of sound, while stereo records have two tracks represented by different walls of the groove. Records are also known as "vinyl" based on one of the materials they have been manufactured from, though not all are actually of this substance. Supplanting the early [[phonograph cylinder]]s in the early 20th century, records were in turn replaced by [[CD]]s in the late part of the century as the mainstream music medium, though a niche market persists.

Early records were of variable speed, but eventually 78 RPM became the standard. At that speed and the groove density in use at the time, each side of a record would generally fit just one song, and was not long enough for longer classical pieces, which required flipping and changing records to play the entire thing. Sometimes a collection of songs would be released in a bound volume of sleeved records resembling a photo album, which is why compilations of songs sold together are called "albums" even now. In the 1950s, the long-playing (LP) record was introduced at a playing speed of 33 1/3 RPM; this slower speed and the more compact microgroove technology allowed an entire album to fit on the two sides of one record. LPs were usually 12 inches wide, but another format, 7-inch 45 RPM singles, was also introduced around the same time to hold a similar length of music to the old 78s in a smaller size. These had a large hole in the center, requiring a plastic adapter to fit it on the smaller spindle of record players designed to play the other formats as well. While 78 RPM was no longer the dominant record speed, some children's records were released at that speed as late as the 1970s. Yet another record speed, 16 RPM, was supported by some record players and used for spoken-word records where long playing time was more important than high fidelity.

Since the rise of [[CD]]s, then [[MP3]]s and other [[Audio and Music|digital audio formats]], vinyl records are no longer a "mainstream" format, but they have continuing interest from a community that includes some audiophiles who feel they sound better than digital music, dance and hip-hop DJs who like to "spin discs" (or sometimes make sound effects by scratching the record with the needle), and hipsters who find "retro" formats to be trendy once again. Sales of vinyl records are actually increasing lately, while CDs decline. Take those old records off the shelf!

== Parallel-groove records ==

Occasionally, as a novelty, joke, or artistic statement, a record has been made with more than one groove on a side, interleaved with the other grooves so that what music or other program is played depends on which groove you happen to place the phonograph needle within when you begin playing the record. Monty Python, ''Mad'' magazine, and ''National Lampoon'' have been among the users of this technique. This is known as "parallel grooves" or "multisided records".

== Info on transferring to other formats ==
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/17/technology/17pogue.html?_r=0 Old records come in, CDs come out] (NY Times article about machine to transfer records to CD)
* [http://www.loyno.edu/~hobbs/transfer_records_to_CD.html Transferring records to CD] (Links to resources)
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/02/14/portable-usb-record-playercas.html Portable USB record player / cassette deck]

== Unusual uses of format ==
* [http://www.instructables.com/id/3D-Printed-Record/ 3D-printed record]
* [http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/news/international-news/306773/3d-print-mp3-vinyl-record.htm Now You Can 3D Print Any MP3 Into A Vinyl Record]
* [http://boingboing.net/2012/12/28/working-record-made-from-ice.html Record made from ice]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/01/29/record-made-from-chocolate.html Record made from chocolate]
* [http://www.designboom.com/design/laser-cut-records-by-amanda-ghassaei/ Laser-cut wooden record]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/01/17/john-wilcock-echo-magazine.html History of Echo, a magazine published on playable phonograph records from the 1950s]
* [http://mediapreservation.wordpress.com/2012/06/20/extracting-audio-from-pictures/ Recovering sound from picture of old record]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/05/26/what-does-a-4000-mozart-reis.html What does a $4,000 vinyl record sound like?]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/05/28/turntable-that-plays-the-r.html Turntable that "plays" the rings of a tree]
* [http://www.vinylize.com/ Recycling old records into eyeglasses]
* [http://blog.modernmechanix.com/the-floppy-rom-software-distributed-on-records/ Floppy ROM: Software distributed on records]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/01/31/plastic-infinite-a-zoetropic.html Picture disc with psychedelic animation when played]

== Parallel groove info ==
* [http://www.kempa.com/2004/02/26/fate-as-the-dj-parallel-grooves/ Parallel groove discussion]
* [http://www.snopes.com/music/media/groove.asp Discussion in Snopes]
* [[Wikipedia:Multisided record|Wikipedia article]]

== Other links and references ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record Gramophone record (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/12/audio-recordings Scratch that]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2013/files/pub156.pdf Library of Congress: National Recording Preservation Plan]
* [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/We-Had-No-Idea-What-Alexander-Graham-Bell-Sounded-Like-Until-Now-204137471.html Recording of Alexander Graham Bell's voice discovered]
* [http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub148/reports/pub148/pub148.pdf The State of Recorded Sound Preservation in the United States: A National Legacy at Risk in the Digital Age]
* [http://www.nextbigwhat.com/old-indian-gramophone-records-online-297/ Saving India’s Musical Heritage, One Record at a Time]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/arts/music/vinyl-records-are-making-a-comeback.html?_r=0 Vinyl records are making a comeback]
* [http://priceonomics.com/the-resurgence-of-vinyl/ The resurgence of vinyl]
* [http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2008/sep/04/whyrecordsshouldfacethevi Why records should face the vinyl curtain]
* [http://mentalfloss.com/article/51704/do-records-really-sound-warmer-cds Do records really sound warmer than CDs?]
* [http://www.dustbury.com/archives/17210 Preservation of groove]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/01/14/how-vinyl-records-are-made-19.html How vinyl records are made (1956 video)]
* [http://thequietus.com/articles/15031-record-store-day-2014-problems-distribution-vinyl Is Record Store Day In Crisis? A Quietus Investigation]