Just Solve the File Format Problem - User contributions [en]

Minolta MDC (Minolta RD-175)

2014-12-02T13:09:36Z

Lewis Collard: /* Software */ i'm terrible

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|mdc}}
}}
'''MDC''' ('''Minolta Digital Camera''') is the raw image format used by the Minolta RD-175 digital single-reflex camera. RD-175 stands for Reflex Digital and 1.75 megapixels. The camera is also known as the Agfa ActionCam.

== Details ==
The camera has 3 CCD sensors: two for green (for resolution), and one for red and blue combined (for color information). The MDC file contains the data of the three sensors. To get an image the MDC files have to be converted with a dedicated software tool.

== Software ==
* [http://www.lemkesoft.de/en/products/graphicconverter/ GraphicConverter] ($39.95 US) can convert these files, according to [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 a guy who restored one of these cameras].
* [https://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] lists support for the RD-175, which means they should be readable in the major open-source raw file processors (Darktable, RawTherapee).
* [http://www.cerious.com/release_notes9.shtml ThumbsPlus] claims [http://www.cerious.com/help8sp1/type_mdc.html support] in its professional edition ($99.95 US).
* See also [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors#Software|Cameras and Digital Image Sensors: Software]].

== Links ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/19981206223223/http://www.minoltausa.com/productlist.list-line%3Ddc.htm Minolta USA Product Page]
* [http://www.konicaminoltasupport.com/fileadmin/camera_minolta/manuals/cam_software/os2753e.pdf MINOLTA RD-175 Program Description]
* [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 I'm Gonna Party Like It's 1995], in which Roger Cicala successfully transfers data from an RD-175.

Minolta MDC (Minolta RD-175)

2014-12-02T13:03:48Z

Lewis Collard: /* Details */ just fiddling...

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|mdc}}
}}
'''MDC''' ('''Minolta Digital Camera''') is the raw image format used by the Minolta RD-175 digital single-reflex camera. RD-175 stands for Reflex Digital and 1.75 megapixels. The camera is also known as the Agfa ActionCam.

== Details ==
The camera has 3 CCD sensors: two for green (for resolution), and one for red and blue combined (for color information). The MDC file contains the data of the three sensors. To get an image the MDC files have to be converted with a dedicated software tool.

== Software ==
* [http://www.lemkesoft.de/en/products/graphicconverter/ GraphicConverter] ($39.95 US) can convert these files, according to [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 a guy who restored one].
* [https://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] lists support for the RD-175, which means they should be readable in the major open-source raw file processors (Darktable, RawTherapee).
* [http://www.cerious.com/release_notes9.shtml ThumbsPlus] claims [http://www.cerious.com/help8sp1/type_mdc.html support] in its professional edition ($99.95 US).
* See also [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors#Software|Cameras and Digital Image Sensors: Software]].

== Links ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/19981206223223/http://www.minoltausa.com/productlist.list-line%3Ddc.htm Minolta USA Product Page]
* [http://www.konicaminoltasupport.com/fileadmin/camera_minolta/manuals/cam_software/os2753e.pdf MINOLTA RD-175 Program Description]
* [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 I'm Gonna Party Like It's 1995], in which Roger Cicala successfully transfers data from an RD-175.

Minolta MDC (Minolta RD-175)

2014-12-02T13:02:07Z

Lewis Collard: remove the sample files (none of them were from the RD-175), add an informative link (someone actually uses one and gets the files onto a PC), formatting tweaks

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|mdc}}
}}
'''MDC''' ('''Minolta Digital Camera''') is the raw image format used by the Minolta RD-175 digital single-reflex camera. RD-175 stands for Reflex Digital and 1.75 megapixels. The camera is also known as the Agfa ActionCam.

== Details ==
The camera has 3 CCD sensors, two for green (for resolution), one for red and blue combined (for color information), the MDC file contains the data of the three sensors. To get an image the MDC files have to be converted with the dedicated software tool.

== Software ==
* [http://www.lemkesoft.de/en/products/graphicconverter/ GraphicConverter] ($39.95 US) can convert these files, according to [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 a guy who restored one].
* [https://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] lists support for the RD-175, which means they should be readable in the major open-source raw file processors (Darktable, RawTherapee).
* [http://www.cerious.com/release_notes9.shtml ThumbsPlus] claims [http://www.cerious.com/help8sp1/type_mdc.html support] in its professional edition ($99.95 US).
* See also [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors#Software|Cameras and Digital Image Sensors: Software]].

== Links ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/19981206223223/http://www.minoltausa.com/productlist.list-line%3Ddc.htm Minolta USA Product Page]
* [http://www.konicaminoltasupport.com/fileadmin/camera_minolta/manuals/cam_software/os2753e.pdf MINOLTA RD-175 Program Description]
* [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 I'm Gonna Party Like It's 1995], in which Roger Cicala successfully transfers data from an RD-175.

Minolta MDC (Minolta RD-175)

2014-12-02T12:54:23Z

Lewis Collard: /* Software */ more

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|mdc}}
}}
'''MDC''' ('''Minolta Digital Camera''') is the raw image format used by the Minolta RD-175 digital single-reflex camera. RD-175 stands for Reflex Digital and 1.75 megapixels. The camera is also known as the Agfa ActionCam.

== Details ==
The camera has 3 CCD sensors, two for green (for resolution), one for red and blue combined (for color information), the MDC file contains the data of the three sensors. To get an image the MDC files have to be converted with the dedicated software tool.

== Software ==
* [http://www.lemkesoft.de/en/products/graphicconverter/ GraphicConverter] ($39.95 US) can convert these files, according to [http://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/im-gonna-party-like-its-1995 a guy who restored one].
* [https://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] lists support for the RD-175, which means they should be readable in the major open-source raw file processors (Darktable, RawTherapee).
* [http://www.cerious.com/release_notes9.shtml ThumbsPlus] claims [http://www.cerious.com/help8sp1/type_mdc.html support] in its professional edition ($99.95 US).
* See also [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors#Software|Cameras and Digital Image Sensors: Software]].

== Sample files ==
* [http://www.rawsamples.ch/index.php/en/minolta RAW-Samples: Minolta]

== Links ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/19981206223223/http://www.minoltausa.com/productlist.list-line%3Ddc.htm] Minolta USA Product Page
* [http://www.konicaminoltasupport.com/fileadmin/camera_minolta/manuals/cam_software/os2753e.pdf]MINOLTA RD-175 Program Description

User talk:Dan Tobias

2013-03-16T22:42:50Z

Lewis Collard: /* Deletion request */ new section

== CSS ==

We need to figure out how to deal with disambiguation pages. It is obvious that [[CSS]] can be either [[Cascading Style Sheets]] or [[Content Scramble System]], and I don't think this particular wiki should give preference to one known value over another if the abbreviation can be expanded to an unambiguous name. That's why I linked to [[CSS]] on the [[DVD]] page, rather than linking directly to [[Content Scramble System]]. Unless we plan to sort this out immediately, it might be best to leave that link in place, so that we don't lose track of it. Thoughts? [[User:Gphemsley|Gphemsley]] ([[User talk:Gphemsley|talk]]) 02:05, 29 November 2012 (UTC)
:Perhaps the current CSS article should be moved to Cascading Style Sheets, and a Content Scramble System article created, with [[CSS]] as a disambig article linking to both. But in that case, any specific links to a particular kind of CSS should link directly to the proper one of the articles, not the disambig one. [[User:Dan Tobias|Dan Tobias]] ([[User talk:Dan Tobias|talk]]) 02:18, 29 November 2012 (UTC)
:: Done. And created [[Template:Disambiguation]] to keep track of disambiguation pages. [[User:Gphemsley|Gphemsley]] ([[User talk:Gphemsley|talk]]) 16:00, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

== Interwiki links ==

Just a heads-up: You can link to Wikipedia (and a select number of other wikis) using the regular wikilinking syntax by using the relevant wikiprefix. For example: [[Wikipedia:User:GPHemsley]] or [[Wikipedia:Archive Team]]. That way you can differentiate more intimate links to Wikipedia from truly external links to other websites. [[User:Gphemsley|GPHemsley]] ([[User talk:Gphemsley|talk]]) 17:48, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

:Given this site's founder's opinions of Wikipedia, I'm not sure he'd like to get "more intimate" with it, but I'll keep that in mind anyway. [[User:Dan Tobias|Dan Tobias]] ([[User talk:Dan Tobias|talk]]) 23:07, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Re: Wikipedia - I had a paid writing gig last year and in the guidlines there was a strict prohibition from using or citing Wikipedia.
They had good reasons for that... [[User:Cipher|Cipher]] ([[User talk:Cipher|talk]])
:It's still a useful reference if you take it with a big grain of salt. [[User:Dan Tobias|Dan Tobias]] ([[User talk:Dan Tobias|talk]]) 01:51, 26 January 2013 (UTC)
::If you take Wikipedia with a big grain of salt, then you must take every other wiki (including this one) with a whole salt mine. [[User:Gphemsley|GPHemsley]] ([[User talk:Gphemsley|talk]]) 15:07, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

== Sidebar ==

Another wikitip: You can change the links in the sidebar by editing [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]] (admins only). You might choose to remove "Current events" and "Help" and add some of the links from the Main page, for example. It takes a somewhat special syntax, though, so you'll probably want to consult [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar]] for guidance. [[User:Gphemsley|GPHemsley]] ([[User talk:Gphemsley|talk]]) 22:26, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

:Thanks for the tips. [[User:Dan Tobias|Dan Tobias]] ([[User talk:Dan Tobias|talk]]) 23:40, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

== re [[Talk:Text-based_data]] ==

How do you feel about splitting the Markup languages section out of [[Document]] and a few of the file formats out of [[Text-based data]] into a [[Markup]] page/category? For instance [[textile]] and [[markdown]] have different ontologies but are more similar than not. I'm willing to move stuff over if you define the category. As you mentioned on [[Talk:Text-based data]], 'Categorization is getting pretty chaotic' [[User:Sethwoodworth|Sethwoodworth]] ([[User talk:Sethwoodworth|talk]]) 00:58, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

:A lot of stuff in the ontology probably needs rethinking... any attempt to categorize things starts to get messy and inconsistent after a while, and shows the biases of whoever set them up in the first place and whatever lines of thought they happened to be having at the time, which might not end up being relevant later. (See the Dewey Decimal System categories, for instance; it devotes lots of number space to different aspects of Christian churches, then shoves all "Other Religions" in a small section.) Yes, markup probably deserves its own category (though HTML then would belong there, but it's also in the Web category; should things be in just one category or multiple ones?) [[User:Dan Tobias|Dan Tobias]] ([[User talk:Dan Tobias|talk]]) 02:01, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

:Hrrm, I see. Maybe things need multiple categories. The CDC's public health image library uses multiple ontologies pretty effectively [http://imgur.com/lqd6p] For now I wont sweat it too much. Search works pretty well. [[User:Sethwoodworth|Sethwoodworth]] ([[User talk:Sethwoodworth|talk]]) 16:14, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

:OK, I added a [[Markup]] page. [[User:Dan Tobias|Dan Tobias]] ([[User talk:Dan Tobias|talk]]) 15:58, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

== IPA ==

I noticed that you created [[IPA]] to describe some iOS/iTunes format that I'm not familiar with. However, IPA can also refer to the [[Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]], which probably falls under the text encoding/language script portion of this project. It should probably be disambiguated. [[User:Gphemsley|GPHemsley]] ([[User talk:Gphemsley|talk]]) 03:23, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

== Deletion request ==

Hey Dan, [[:Category:File_formats_with_extension_.dcs|this category was created in error]]. Would you mind nuking it for me? [[User:Lewis Collard|Lewis Collard]] ([[User talk:Lewis Collard|talk]]) 22:42, 16 March 2013 (UTC)

Kodachrome

2013-03-16T22:41:34Z

Lewis Collard: merge in some information from the other article, and make a couple of clarifications, etc

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=physical
|subcat=Photographic film
|released=1935
}}

'''Kodachrome''' was the brand name of a particular film technology released by Kodak in 1935 (after years of experimentation going back as far as the 1920s), and discontinued in 2009. The most popular and well-known format of this film was [[35 mm slides]], but it was used for other sorts of film, both still and motion-picture. Kodachrome was very popular in its time, and was memorialized in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZpaNJqF4po song]. Alas, like Paul Simon's mom, Kodak did eventually take Kodachrome away. The film ended production in 2009, and on December 30, 2010, the last photo lab in the world with the capacity to develop Kodachrome (requiring special processes and chemicals not found in normal photo labs) ceased this service. The final roll was developed on 18 January, 2011. There are reportedly ways of developing Kodachrome in black-and-white chemistry, but as Simon sang, "Everything looks worse in black-and-white."

The developing process for Kodachrome was known as K-14, and attempts by "photo geeks" to bring a K-Lab machine back into service failed due to its highly specialized nature; it requires complex and hard-to-maintain equipment for which parts are no longer manufactured, and specialized chemicals that are no longer available. So you're out of luck if you ever want to try to develop it in its full-color form.

Scanning Kodachrome is the same as scanning any other slide film, with one caveat: do not use Digital ICE dust removal. Kodachrome's cyan layer absorbs the infrared light used in digital ICE just like dust does; digital ICE will attempt to interpolate these regions, giving weird results.

== Technical info ==
* [http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/e55/e55.pdf Technical data (official Kodak document)]
* [http://www.super8.nl/file/7268.pdf Technical data on Kodachrome movie film]

== History of Kodachrome ==
* [http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/02/08/early_color_film_from_1922_actresses_vamp_for_the_camera.html 1922 Kodachrome test footage]
* [http://mentalfloss.com/article/33499/last-roll-kodachrome-film The last roll of Kodachrome]

== Other links ==
* [http://michaelraso.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/kodachrome-in-2011-process-as-black-and.html Processing Kodachrome in black-and-white chemistry]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome Kodachrome (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.zoggavia.com/Kodachrome_Slide_Film.html Kodachrome info]

Kodak

2013-03-16T22:38:12Z

Lewis Collard: /* Kodachrome film */ actually, this section is best merged into Kodachrome

Kodachrome

2013-03-16T21:31:33Z

Lewis Collard: move this from the other article

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=physical
|subcat=Photographic film
|released=1935
}}

'''Kodachrome''' was the brand name of a particular film technology released by Kodak in 1935 (after years of experimentation going back as far as the 1920s), and discontinued in 2009. The most popular and well-known format of this film was [[35 mm slides]], but it was used for other sorts of film, both still and motion-picture. Kodachrome was very popular in its time, and was memorialized in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZpaNJqF4po song]. Alas, like Paul Simon's mom, Kodak did eventually take Kodachrome away. The film ended production in 2009, and on December 30, 2010, the last photo lab in the world with the capacity to develop Kodachrome (requiring special processes and chemicals not found in normal photo labs) ceased this service. There are reportedly ways of developing Kodachrome in black-and-white only that can be performed in normal photo labs, but as Simon sang, "Eveything looks worse in black-and-white."

The developing process for Kodachrome was known as K-14, and attempts by "photo geeks" to homebrew it after official support ended have failed due to its highly specialized nature; it requires complex and hard-to-maintain equipment for which parts are no longer manufactured, and specialized chemicals also no longer manufactured. So you're out of luck if you ever want to try to develop it in its full-color form.

Scanning Kodachrome is the same as scanning any other slide film, with one caveat: do not use Digital ICE dust removal. Kodachrome's cyan layer absorbs the infrared light used in digital ICE just like dust does; digital ICE will attempt to interpolate these regions, giving weird results.

== Technical info ==
* [http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/e55/e55.pdf Technical data (official Kodak document)]
* [http://www.super8.nl/file/7268.pdf Technical data on Kodachrome movie film]

== History of Kodachrome ==
* [http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_vault/2013/02/08/early_color_film_from_1922_actresses_vamp_for_the_camera.html 1922 Kodachrome test footage]
* [http://mentalfloss.com/article/33499/last-roll-kodachrome-film The last roll of Kodachrome]

== Other links ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodachrome Kodachrome (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.zoggavia.com/Kodachrome_Slide_Film.html Kodachrome info]

Kodak

2013-03-16T21:31:00Z

Lewis Collard: /* Kodachrome film */ hah, so there is! in which case, this text would belong in the other article..

{{FormatInfo
| extensions = {{ext|tiff}}, {{ext|kdc}}, {{ext|dcr}}
| formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
}}
'''Kodak''' was once a very important photographic company who manufactured the first digital SLRs, as well as creating [[Kodachrome]], the first practical colour film. This page will document some of the formats used by Kodak cameras, with options for converting them into standard formats.

==KDC==
This is a format generated by the Kodak DC40, DC50 and DC120 cameras. [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] is able to convert these files. It can also be converted into TIFF format by [http://kdc2tiff.sourceforge.net/ kdc2tiff]. Kodak has a [http://www.kodak.com/US/en/digital/software/picXferDownload.shtml tool on their site] that may help to convert these files, but it's only known to run on Windows 95 and other obsolete operating systems.

==DCR==
This is another proprietary format, used by old Kodak DCS digital cameras. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] should be able to read these files, as should dcraw.

==TIFF==
Despite the name, Kodak TIFF files are proprietary, and will not open in most image editors. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] and [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] should be able to convert these files.

==Kodachrome film==

(See article: [[Kodachrome]])

Kodachrome was one of the first colour films, and possibly the first practical one. It used a very different process (called K-14) for which developing is no longer available anywhere. Kodachrome died a slow death, first from the much-easier-to-process E6 slide films, and then from the decline of film photography generally. The final rolls were developed on the 18 January 2011.

If you have exposed but undeveloped Kodachrome film, it can be [http://michaelraso.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/kodachrome-in-2011-process-as-black-and.html processed in black-and-white chemistry], for monochrome results. This is currently the only option for developing Kodachrome, and is likely to stay that way. A heroic attempt was made to rescue a K-Lab machine for continued processing, but little came of it.

==Resources==
* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/Kodak.html Kodak EXIF tags]

Kodak

2013-03-16T21:01:34Z

Lewis Collard: /* Kodachrome film */ +more resources

{{FormatInfo
| extensions = {{ext|tiff}}, {{ext|kdc}}, {{ext|dcr}}
| formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
}}
'''Kodak''' was once a very important photographic company who manufactured the first digital SLRs, as well as creating Kodachrome, the first practical colour film. This page will document some of the formats used by Kodak cameras, with options for converting them into standard formats.

==KDC==
This is a format generated by the Kodak DC40, DC50 and DC120 cameras. [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] is able to convert these files. It can also be converted into TIFF format by [http://kdc2tiff.sourceforge.net/ kdc2tiff]. Kodak has a [http://www.kodak.com/US/en/digital/software/picXferDownload.shtml tool on their site] that may help to convert these files, but it's only known to run on Windows 95 and other obsolete operating systems.

==DCR==
This is another proprietary format, used by old Kodak DCS digital cameras. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] should be able to read these files, as should dcraw.

==TIFF==
Despite the name, Kodak TIFF files are proprietary, and will not open in most image editors. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] and [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] should be able to convert these files.

==Kodachrome film==

Kodachrome was one of the first colour films, and possibly the first practical one. It used a very different process (called K-14) for which developing is no longer available anywhere. Kodachrome died a slow death, first from the much-easier-to-process E6 slide films, and then from the decline of film photography generally. The final rolls were developed on the 18 January 2011.

If you have exposed but undeveloped Kodachrome film, it can be [http://michaelraso.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/kodachrome-in-2011-process-as-black-and.html processed in black-and-white chemistry], for monochrome results. This is currently the only option for developing Kodachrome, and is likely to stay that way. A heroic attempt was made to rescue a K-Lab machine for continued processing, but little came of it.

Scanning Kodachrome is the same as scanning any other slide film, with one caveat: do not use Digital ICE dust removal. Kodachrome's cyan layer absorbs the infrared light used in digital ICE just like dust does; digital ICE will attempt to interpolate these regions, giving weird results.

==Resources==
* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/Kodak.html Kodak EXIF tags]

Kodak

2013-03-16T21:00:32Z

Lewis Collard: /* Kodachrome film */ +space

{{FormatInfo
| extensions = {{ext|tiff}}, {{ext|kdc}}, {{ext|dcr}}
| formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
}}
'''Kodak''' was once a very important photographic company who manufactured the first digital SLRs, as well as creating Kodachrome, the first practical colour film. This page will document some of the formats used by Kodak cameras, with options for converting them into standard formats.

==KDC==
This is a format generated by the Kodak DC40, DC50 and DC120 cameras. [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] is able to convert these files. It can also be converted into TIFF format by [http://kdc2tiff.sourceforge.net/ kdc2tiff]. Kodak has a [http://www.kodak.com/US/en/digital/software/picXferDownload.shtml tool on their site] that may help to convert these files, but it's only known to run on Windows 95 and other obsolete operating systems.

==DCR==
This is another proprietary format, used by old Kodak DCS digital cameras. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] should be able to read these files, as should dcraw.

==TIFF==
Despite the name, Kodak TIFF files are proprietary, and will not open in most image editors. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] and [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] should be able to convert these files.

==Kodachrome film==

Kodachrome was one of the first colour films, and possibly the first practical one. It used a very different process (called K-14) for which developing is no longer available anywhere. Kodachrome died a slow death, first from the much-easier-to-process E6 slide films, and then from the decline of film photography generally. The final rolls were developed on the 18 January 2011.

If you have exposed but undeveloped Kodachrome film, it can be [http://michaelraso.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/kodachrome-in-2011-process-as-black-and.html processed in black-and-white chemistry], for monochrome results. This is currently the only option for developing Kodachrome, and is likely to stay that way. A heroic attempt was made to rescue a K-Lab machine for continued processing, but little came of it.

Scanning Kodachrome is the same as scanning any other slide film, with one caveat: do not use Digital ICE dust removal. Kodachrome's cyan layer absorbs the infrared light used in digital ICE just like dust does; digital ICE will attempt to interpolate these regions, giving weird results.

User:Lewis Collard

2013-03-16T20:59:10Z

Lewis Collard: no more redlinks!

I'm Lewis. You can find me [http://lewiscollard.com here]. Hi!

Kodak

2013-03-16T20:57:27Z

Lewis Collard: hm, .dcs is something else entirely. also, Kodak sort of have a tool for KDC.

{{FormatInfo
| extensions = {{ext|tiff}}, {{ext|kdc}}, {{ext|dcr}}
| formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
}}
'''Kodak''' was once a very important photographic company who manufactured the first digital SLRs, as well as creating Kodachrome, the first practical colour film. This page will document some of the formats used by Kodak cameras, with options for converting them into standard formats.

==KDC==
This is a format generated by the Kodak DC40, DC50 and DC120 cameras. [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] is able to convert these files. It can also be converted into TIFF format by [http://kdc2tiff.sourceforge.net/ kdc2tiff]. Kodak has a [http://www.kodak.com/US/en/digital/software/picXferDownload.shtml tool on their site] that may help to convert these files, but it's only known to run on Windows 95 and other obsolete operating systems.

==DCR==
This is another proprietary format, used by old Kodak DCS digital cameras. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] should be able to read these files, as should dcraw.

==TIFF==
Despite the name, Kodak TIFF files are proprietary, and will not open in most image editors. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] and [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] should be able to convert these files.

==Kodachrome film==

Kodachrome was one of the first colour films, and possibly the first practical one. It used a very different process (called K-14) for which developing is no longer available anywhere. Kodachrome died a slow death, first from the much-easier-to-process E6 slide films, and then from the decline of film photography generally. The final rolls were developed on the 18 January 2011.

If you have exposed but undeveloped Kodachrome film, it can be [http://michaelraso.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/kodachrome-in-2011-process-as-black-and.html processedin black-and-white chemistry], for monochrome results. This is currently the only option for developing Kodachrome, and is likely to stay that way. A heroic attempt was made to rescue a K-Lab machine for continued processing, but little came of it.

Scanning Kodachrome is the same as scanning any other slide film, with one caveat: do not use Digital ICE dust removal. Kodachrome's cyan layer absorbs the infrared light used in digital ICE just like dust does; digital ICE will attempt to interpolate these regions, giving weird results.

Category:File formats with extension .dcr

2013-03-16T20:50:09Z

Lewis Collard: Created page with "D"

[[Category:File formats by extension|D]]

Category:File formats with extension .kdc

2013-03-16T20:49:43Z

Lewis Collard: Created page with "K"

[[Category:File formats by extension|K]]

Kodak

2013-03-16T20:49:13Z

Lewis Collard: kodachrooooommeee

{{FormatInfo
| extensions = {{ext|tiff}}, {{ext|kdc}}, {{ext|dcs}}, {{ext|dcr}}
| formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
}}
'''Kodak''' was once a very important photographic company who manufactured the first digital SLRs, as well as creating Kodachrome, the first practical colour film. This page will document some of the formats used by Kodak cameras, with options for converting them into standard formats.

==KDC==
This is a raw format generated by the Kodak DC120. [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] is able to convert these files. It can also be converted into TIFF format by [http://kdc2tiff.sourceforge.net/ kdc2tiff].

==DCS, DCR and KDC==

This is another proprietary raw format used by Kodak DCS digital cameras. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] should be able to read these files, as should dcraw.

==TIFF==
Despite the name, Kodak TIFF files are proprietary, and will not open in most image editors. [http://www.nikonweb.com/DCS_convert/ NikonWeb Kodak DCS File Converter for Windows] and [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] should be able to convert these files.

==Kodachrome film==

Kodachrome was one of the first colour films, and possibly the first practical one. It used a very different process (called K-14) for which developing is no longer available anywhere. Kodachrome died a slow death, first from the much-easier-to-process E6 slide films, and then from the decline of film photography generally. The final rolls were developed on the 18 January 2011.

If you have exposed but undeveloped Kodachrome film, it can be [http://michaelraso.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/kodachrome-in-2011-process-as-black-and.html processedin black-and-white chemistry], for monochrome results. This is currently the only option for developing Kodachrome, and is likely to stay that way. A heroic attempt was made to rescue a K-Lab machine for continued processing, but little came of it.

Scanning Kodachrome is the same as scanning any other slide film, with one caveat: do not use Digital ICE dust removal. Kodachrome's cyan layer absorbs the infrared light used in digital ICE just like dust does; digital ICE will attempt to interpolate these regions, giving weird results.

Camera Image File Format

2013-03-16T19:00:43Z

Lewis Collard: +locfdd

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|crw}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/x-canon-crw}}
|released=1997
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000241}}
}}
The '''Camera Image File Format''', sometimes called the '''Canon RAW (CRW) format''', was used by some early [[Canon]] digital cameras. It was replaced by the [[Canon RAW 2|CR2 format]] starting with the EOS 20D in 2004. The .crw extension is [[CHDK raw|sometimes used by CHDK]], but this [http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/Raw is a different file format].

==Cameras==
The original CRW file format was used on Canon's early x86-based cameras running Datalight ROM-DOS, from 2000 to 2004. All the early Canon digital SLRs used this format, and some compact cameras did too. The following cameras can generate files in the CRW format:

* '''Canon EOS D30''' (2001), the first all-Canon DSLR. Not to be confused with the 30D, which is a completely different camera.
* '''Canon EOS D60''' (2002)
* '''Canon EOS 10D''' (2003)
* '''Canon EOS 300D''' (2003), a very close relative of the 10D.
* '''Canon PowerShot G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6''' (2000-2004), high-end compact cameras.
* '''Canon PowerShot S30, S40, S50, S60, and S70''' (2001-2004)

==File header==
A Canon CRW file always begins with the following byte sequence: '''49 49 1A 00 00 00 48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52'''. This is explained below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Bytes
!Value
!Description
|-
|49 49
|"II"
|"II" for Intel byte-order, i.e. little endian. All cameras that use the CRW format have little-endian x86 processors, and this value is always "II".
|-
|1A 00 00 00
|0x0000001a
|32-bit integer giving the length of the CRW header. This is always 0x0000001a, i.e. 26 bytes.
|-
|48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52
|"HEAPCCDR"
|Identifies the file as a Canon CRW raw file.
|-
|}

==Software support==

Dave Coffin's [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] utility, on which many other raw decoders are based, can decode all Canon CRW files.

Adobe's Camera Raw plugin [http://helpx.adobe.com/creative-suite/kb/camera-raw-plug-supported-cameras.html supports CRW files]. They should open fine in Lightroom, Aperture, and other commercial tools.

All the well-known open source tools, like [http://www.darktable.org/ Darktable] and [http://www.rawtherapee.com/ RawTherapee], can open and convert CRW files.

Phil Harvey's [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ ExifTool] can read EXIF data from CRW files.

Canon distributes [http://software.canon-europe.com/software/0004351.asp?model= Canon Utilities RAW Image Converter] free for Windows.

==Resources==

* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/canon_raw.html The Canon RAW (CRW) File Format]
* [http://wildtramper.com/sw/crw/crw.html Canon's CRW Raw File Format Specification]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format Wikipedia article on CIFF]

Camera Image File Format

2013-03-16T18:44:56Z

Lewis Collard: /* File header */ another minor clarification..

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|crw}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/x-canon-crw}}
|released=1997
}}
The '''Camera Image File Format''', sometimes called the '''Canon RAW (CRW) format''', was used by some early [[Canon]] digital cameras. It was replaced by the [[Canon RAW 2|CR2 format]] starting with the EOS 20D in 2004. The .crw extension is [[CHDK raw|sometimes used by CHDK]], but this [http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/Raw is a different file format].

==Cameras==
The original CRW file format was used on Canon's early x86-based cameras running Datalight ROM-DOS, from 2000 to 2004. All the early Canon digital SLRs used this format, and some compact cameras did too. The following cameras can generate files in the CRW format:

* '''Canon EOS D30''' (2001), the first all-Canon DSLR. Not to be confused with the 30D, which is a completely different camera.
* '''Canon EOS D60''' (2002)
* '''Canon EOS 10D''' (2003)
* '''Canon EOS 300D''' (2003), a very close relative of the 10D.
* '''Canon PowerShot G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6''' (2000-2004), high-end compact cameras.
* '''Canon PowerShot S30, S40, S50, S60, and S70''' (2001-2004)

==File header==
A Canon CRW file always begins with the following byte sequence: '''49 49 1A 00 00 00 48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52'''. This is explained below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Bytes
!Value
!Description
|-
|49 49
|"II"
|"II" for Intel byte-order, i.e. little endian. All cameras that use the CRW format have little-endian x86 processors, and this value is always "II".
|-
|1A 00 00 00
|0x0000001a
|32-bit integer giving the length of the CRW header. This is always 0x0000001a, i.e. 26 bytes.
|-
|48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52
|"HEAPCCDR"
|Identifies the file as a Canon CRW raw file.
|-
|}

==Software support==

Dave Coffin's [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] utility, on which many other raw decoders are based, can decode all Canon CRW files.

Adobe's Camera Raw plugin [http://helpx.adobe.com/creative-suite/kb/camera-raw-plug-supported-cameras.html supports CRW files]. They should open fine in Lightroom, Aperture, and other commercial tools.

All the well-known open source tools, like [http://www.darktable.org/ Darktable] and [http://www.rawtherapee.com/ RawTherapee], can open and convert CRW files.

Phil Harvey's [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ ExifTool] can read EXIF data from CRW files.

Canon distributes [http://software.canon-europe.com/software/0004351.asp?model= Canon Utilities RAW Image Converter] free for Windows.

==Resources==

* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/canon_raw.html The Canon RAW (CRW) File Format]
* [http://wildtramper.com/sw/crw/crw.html Canon's CRW Raw File Format Specification]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format Wikipedia article on CIFF]

Camera Image File Format

2013-03-16T18:43:58Z

Lewis Collard: fix link

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|crw}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/x-canon-crw}}
|released=1997
}}
The '''Camera Image File Format''', sometimes called the '''Canon RAW (CRW) format''', was used by some early [[Canon]] digital cameras. It was replaced by the [[Canon RAW 2|CR2 format]] starting with the EOS 20D in 2004. The .crw extension is [[CHDK raw|sometimes used by CHDK]], but this [http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/Raw is a different file format].

==Cameras==
The original CRW file format was used on Canon's early x86-based cameras running Datalight ROM-DOS, from 2000 to 2004. All the early Canon digital SLRs used this format, and some compact cameras did too. The following cameras can generate files in the CRW format:

* '''Canon EOS D30''' (2001), the first all-Canon DSLR. Not to be confused with the 30D, which is a completely different camera.
* '''Canon EOS D60''' (2002)
* '''Canon EOS 10D''' (2003)
* '''Canon EOS 300D''' (2003), a very close relative of the 10D.
* '''Canon PowerShot G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6''' (2000-2004), high-end compact cameras.
* '''Canon PowerShot S30, S40, S50, S60, and S70''' (2001-2004)

==File header==
A Canon CRW file always begins with the following byte sequence: '''49 49 1A 00 00 00 48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52'''. This is explained below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Bytes
!Value
!Description
|-
|49 49
|"II"
|"II" for Intel byte-order, i.e. little endian. All cameras that use the CRW format have little-endian x86 processors.
|-
|1A 00 00 00
|0x0000001a
|32-bit integer giving the length of the CRW header. This is always 0x0000001a, i.e. 26 bytes.
|-
|48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52
|"HEAPCCDR"
|Identifies the file as a Canon CRW raw file.
|-
|}

==Software support==

Dave Coffin's [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] utility, on which many other raw decoders are based, can decode all Canon CRW files.

Adobe's Camera Raw plugin [http://helpx.adobe.com/creative-suite/kb/camera-raw-plug-supported-cameras.html supports CRW files]. They should open fine in Lightroom, Aperture, and other commercial tools.

All the well-known open source tools, like [http://www.darktable.org/ Darktable] and [http://www.rawtherapee.com/ RawTherapee], can open and convert CRW files.

Phil Harvey's [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ ExifTool] can read EXIF data from CRW files.

Canon distributes [http://software.canon-europe.com/software/0004351.asp?model= Canon Utilities RAW Image Converter] free for Windows.

==Resources==

* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/canon_raw.html The Canon RAW (CRW) File Format]
* [http://wildtramper.com/sw/crw/crw.html Canon's CRW Raw File Format Specification]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format Wikipedia article on CIFF]

Camera Image File Format

2013-03-16T18:42:22Z

Lewis Collard: /* Cameras */ clarify

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|crw}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/x-canon-crw}}
|released=1997
}}
The '''Camera Image File Format''', sometimes called the '''Canon RAW (CRW) format''', was used by some early [[Canon]] digital cameras. It was replaced by the [[Canon RAW 2|CR2 format]] starting with the EOS 20D in 2004. The .crw extension is also used by [[CHDK Raw]], but this [http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/Raw is a different file format].

==Cameras==
The original CRW file format was used on Canon's early x86-based cameras running Datalight ROM-DOS, from 2000 to 2004. All the early Canon digital SLRs used this format, and some compact cameras did too. The following cameras can generate files in the CRW format:

* '''Canon EOS D30''' (2001), the first all-Canon DSLR. Not to be confused with the 30D, which is a completely different camera.
* '''Canon EOS D60''' (2002)
* '''Canon EOS 10D''' (2003)
* '''Canon EOS 300D''' (2003), a very close relative of the 10D.
* '''Canon PowerShot G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6''' (2000-2004), high-end compact cameras.
* '''Canon PowerShot S30, S40, S50, S60, and S70''' (2001-2004)

==File header==
A Canon CRW file always begins with the following byte sequence: '''49 49 1A 00 00 00 48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52'''. This is explained below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Bytes
!Value
!Description
|-
|49 49
|"II"
|"II" for Intel byte-order, i.e. little endian. All cameras that use the CRW format have little-endian x86 processors.
|-
|1A 00 00 00
|0x0000001a
|32-bit integer giving the length of the CRW header. This is always 0x0000001a, i.e. 26 bytes.
|-
|48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52
|"HEAPCCDR"
|Identifies the file as a Canon CRW raw file.
|-
|}

==Software support==

Dave Coffin's [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] utility, on which many other raw decoders are based, can decode all Canon CRW files.

Adobe's Camera Raw plugin [http://helpx.adobe.com/creative-suite/kb/camera-raw-plug-supported-cameras.html supports CRW files]. They should open fine in Lightroom, Aperture, and other commercial tools.

All the well-known open source tools, like [http://www.darktable.org/ Darktable] and [http://www.rawtherapee.com/ RawTherapee], can open and convert CRW files.

Phil Harvey's [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ ExifTool] can read EXIF data from CRW files.

Canon distributes [http://software.canon-europe.com/software/0004351.asp?model= Canon Utilities RAW Image Converter] free for Windows.

==Resources==

* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/canon_raw.html The Canon RAW (CRW) File Format]
* [http://wildtramper.com/sw/crw/crw.html Canon's CRW Raw File Format Specification]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format Wikipedia article on CIFF]

Camera Image File Format

2013-03-16T18:41:57Z

Lewis Collard: expand with a little more info

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|crw}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/x-canon-crw}}
|released=1997
}}
The '''Camera Image File Format''', sometimes called the '''Canon RAW (CRW) format''', was used by some early [[Canon]] digital cameras. It was replaced by the [[Canon RAW 2|CR2 format]] starting with the EOS 20D in 2004. The .crw extension is also used by [[CHDK Raw]], but this [http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/Raw is a different file format].

==Cameras==
The original CRW file format was used on Canon's early x86-based cameras running Datalight ROM-DOS, from 2000 to 2004. All the early digital SLRs used this format, and some compact cameras did too. The following cameras can generate files in the CRW format:

* '''Canon EOS D30''' (2001), the first all-Canon DSLR. Not to be confused with the 30D, which is a completely different camera.
* '''Canon EOS D60''' (2002)
* '''Canon EOS 10D''' (2003)
* '''Canon EOS 300D''' (2003), a very close relative of the 10D.
* '''Canon PowerShot G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, and G6''' (2000-2004), high-end compact cameras.
* '''Canon PowerShot S30, S40, S50, S60, and S70''' (2001-2004)

==File header==
A Canon CRW file always begins with the following byte sequence: '''49 49 1A 00 00 00 48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52'''. This is explained below:

{| class="wikitable"
!Bytes
!Value
!Description
|-
|49 49
|"II"
|"II" for Intel byte-order, i.e. little endian. All cameras that use the CRW format have little-endian x86 processors.
|-
|1A 00 00 00
|0x0000001a
|32-bit integer giving the length of the CRW header. This is always 0x0000001a, i.e. 26 bytes.
|-
|48 45 41 50 43 43 44 52
|"HEAPCCDR"
|Identifies the file as a Canon CRW raw file.
|-
|}

==Software support==

Dave Coffin's [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw] utility, on which many other raw decoders are based, can decode all Canon CRW files.

Adobe's Camera Raw plugin [http://helpx.adobe.com/creative-suite/kb/camera-raw-plug-supported-cameras.html supports CRW files]. They should open fine in Lightroom, Aperture, and other commercial tools.

All the well-known open source tools, like [http://www.darktable.org/ Darktable] and [http://www.rawtherapee.com/ RawTherapee], can open and convert CRW files.

Phil Harvey's [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ ExifTool] can read EXIF data from CRW files.

Canon distributes [http://software.canon-europe.com/software/0004351.asp?model= Canon Utilities RAW Image Converter] free for Windows.

==Resources==

* [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/canon_raw.html The Canon RAW (CRW) File Format]
* [http://wildtramper.com/sw/crw/crw.html Canon's CRW Raw File Format Specification]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format Wikipedia article on CIFF]

Nikon

2013-03-16T17:06:03Z

Lewis Collard: expand with a bit of historical information and more resources

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|extensions={{ext|nef}},{{ext|nrw}}
}}

Formats used by '''Nikon''' cameras include:

== NEF ==
'''N'''ikon '''E'''lectronic '''F'''ormat is Nikon's RAW digital image format for DSLR cameras. It is a close relative to [[TIFF]], and has a standard TIFF header. NEF files are usually big-endian, with the exception of files from the Coolpix 5700, which were little-endian. Data can be either 12- or 14-bit (from 2005's D200 onwards), and depending on the camera may be uncompressed, losslessly compressed, or lossily compressed.
* [http://www.nikonimglib.com/nefcodec/index.html.en Download NEF codec (Windows only)]
* [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/scan.c C-source of NEF reader from Dave Coffin's homepage]
* Phil Harvey's [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/ ExifTool] can read EXIF metadata from Nikon NEF files. See also [http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/Nikon.html Nikon EXIF tags].
* [http://lclevy.free.fr/nef/ Nikon Electronic File (NEF) file format description]

===NEFs for the Nikon D1===
NEF files from the Nikon D1, the first all-Nikon digital SLR from 1999, differ from later cameras in a few ways:

* '''Image data had no defined colour space.''' Many users have observed that the D1's native colour space is very similar to NTSC (see [http://www.earthboundlight.com/phototips/nikon-color-modes.html The Story of Nikon Color Modes]). Later cameras used sRGB or Adobe RGB.
* '''Raw data is not raw data.''' The image data itself, not just the image's metadata, is altered depending on the white balance setting. Later cameras do not alter image data based on the white balance setting.
* '''EXIF data differs slightly.''' In particular, the D1 does not use the LensIDNumber tag as later cameras do. It also does not store the number of shutter actuations or the serial number of the camera.

===Encryption===
Starting with the Nikon D2H, Nikon attempted to encrypt white balance information to prevent third-party tools from being able to render an image properly (which Nikon claimed was to ensure that images would always render consistently). This was swiftly [http://news.cnet.com/Nikons-photo-encryption-reported-broken/2100-1030_3-5679848.html broken].

Nikon also attempts to encrypt lens data. This has also been broken.

=== Coolpix variant ===
* [http://e2500.narod.ru/raw_format_e.htm http://e2500.narod.ru/raw_format_e.htm] Some Nikon Coolpix cameras can be convinced to shoot in RAW.
* [http://e2500.narod.ru/raw2nef_e.htm Processing the RAW data] Convert the RAW data to Coolpix 5700 NEF format.

== Coolscan NEF variant ==

Nikon Coolscan software generate .nef files that are different from cameras. Dave Coffin has written [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/scan.c C source code to decode these files].

== NRW ==
'''N'''ikon '''R'''A'''W'''. 12-Bit-RGB-CCD-RAW digital image format for Coolpix cameras.
* [http://www.nikonimglib.com/nrwcodec/index.html.en Download NRW codec (Windows only)]
The NRW format is virtually identical to the NEF format, with a different compression and curves. There is no real reason to have changed the extension except, maybe, to discriminate entry level camera supported by the codec for Windows.

== NDF ==
'''N'''ikon '''D'''ust '''F'''ile.
* [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/read_ndf.c C-source of NDF reader from Dave Coffin's homepage]