Just Solve the File Format Problem - User contributions [en]

Softdisk Text Compressor

2020-08-24T09:59:08Z

Aromeyke: fixed table size, add link to clean room implementation for encoder/decoder)

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Compression
|extensions={{ext|ctx}}
|released=1993
}}

The '''Softdisk Text Compresssor''' was yet another format used by Softdisk Publishing on its diskmagazines in the 1990s. It was not released to the public, but was used as an internal utility to prepare text files for publication, with the decompressor embedded in the "shell" program used to display the articles when the diskmagazine issue was read. It was developed in 1993 and used on some issues of ''Softdisk PC''. It was a simple compression routine designed to squeeze a few bytes out of typical English-language [[ASCII]] files in a time when saving a handful of bytes was still important; the diskmagazines were published on floppy disks and expected to be runnable directly from the disk without installing on a hard drive, so getting those couple of bytes out of the file so it went one 1K disk block smaller was critical to resolve a "disk full" error during the deadline crunch to get out an issue. (You kids have it so easy with your terabyte hard drives...)

The basic technique was to represent a bunch of specific character strings (which was taken from a fixed hand-generated list of common character sequences in text files used by Softdisk) as single bytes in the compressed file, with the bytes corresponding to ASCII control characters (other than CR and LF) and 8-bit characters (#128-#254, with #255 reserved as an escape character) used for this purpose. Character #255 signaled either an escaped special character to be treated literally, or a signal to repeat a character, as shown below.

The format was as follows:

The first six bytes were flag bytes to indicate the file was of this format; they were expected to be (hex) 03 43 54 30 30 31, which was Control-C followed by CT001.

Next was the original filename of the uncompressed file, as a variable-length null-terminated string.

Then followed a table of fixed character sequences which were to be substituted for particular characters in the file. First there were 30 sequences of up to 5 characters, which were the uncompressed strings corresponding to the file input characters #0 - #9, #11 - #12, and #14 - #31 (decimal), in other words the [[C0 controls]] except for carriage return and linefeed. Each such sequence terminated at 5 characters or when a null (#0) was encountered, whichever came first.

Next was a table of two-character sequences, 127 of them corresponding to the file input characters #128-#254.

After this came the compressed data itself. The characters (bytes) were to be read one at a time, and treated as follows (with anything not itemized below, i.e. the ASCII printable characters, treated as literal characters and output as is):

If it is a CR (#13), output a line break. (Linefeeds were stripped and ignored to save that precious one byte per line.)

If it is #0-#9, #11-#12, or #14-31 (other control characters), replace it with the corresponding string sequence in the up-to-five-character table that was read in earlier.

If it is #128-#254, replace it with the corresponding string sequence in the two-character table that was read in earlier.

If it is #255, read the next character (byte). If it is an ASCII printable character (#32-#127), subtract 30 from the byte value and consider this quantity n. Then read one more character c, and output that character n times. (This is handy for encoding sequences of repeated characters such as dashed lines.)

If the character after the #255 character is anything else, output it as a literal. This allows control characters and high-bit characters to be included in the file, though they become two-character sequences in the "compressed" data which could make the file actually get bigger on compression if there are many characters of this sort.

This compression routine can be used on any files in an 8-bit character encoding, but works best on ones limited to 7-bit ASCII.

== See also ==
* [[Softlib]]
* [[Softdisk Publishing UDF files]]
* [[Softdisk PC]]

== Sample files ==
* [https://www.dan.info/sampledata/X03ONLIN.CTX Sample compressed text file]

== Decoder/Encoder ==

A cleanroom implementation can be found at https://art1pirat.spdns.org/art1/ctxer

[[Category:Softdisk]]

TIFF

2019-01-28T16:37:48Z

Aromeyke: /* Metaformat files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|thiscat=TIFF
|extensions={{ext|tif}}, {{ext|tiff}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/tiff}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000022}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/353}}
}}
'''TIFF''', formerly known as '''Tag(ged) Image File Format''', is an image format capable of storing multiple high quality images in a single file.

A TIFF image may be uncompressed or use a compression scheme internally. Two of the most widely used compression schemes in TIFF files are lossless, including [[LZW]] and, for bitonal images [[CCITT Group 4]], as used for facsimile transmission [fax]. [[JPEG]] baseline DCT-based lossy compression is also used.

Several subtypes and extensions of [[TIFF]] exist, including [[TIFF/EP]], [[TIFF/IT]], [[DNG]], [[GeoTIFF]], [[TIFF-FX]], and [[BigTIFF]]. Multi-image TIFFs may represent sequences of images (such as scanned pages of a document), image tiles, or different versions of the same image, for example Pyramid TIFFs that incorporate images at different resolutions (often tiled). Some software that can read and display a TIFF file may only open the primary image.

TI/A (formerly TIFF/A) is a proposed archival standard based on TIFF (but no longer using its name due to objections by Adobe, which owns the rights to the name TIFF) which is in progress of development.

== Identification ==
TIFF files begin with bytes <code>4D 4D 00 2A</code> (big-[[Endianness|endian]]), or <code>49 49 2A 00</code> (little-endian).

This does not account for [[BigTIFF]] format, which you may or may not consider to be a kind of TIFF.

=== File signatures ===
Some TIFF-like formats use a different file signature (the first few bytes of the file) to help identify them. Some of the known signatures are listed here.

(For formats lacking a public specification, this table may include a hypothetical signature for a byte order that has not been observed.)

{| class="wikitable"
! Big-endian signature
! Little-endian signature
! Format
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2a</code> || <code>49 49 2a 00</code> || TIFF
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2b</code> || <code>49 49 2b 00</code> || [[BigTIFF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 55</code> || <code>49 49 55 00</code> || [[Panasonic RAW/RW2]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 bc 01</code> || [[JPEG XR]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 4e 31</code> || [[NIFF (Navy Image File Format)]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 43 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 43</code> || [[DNG camera profile]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 4f 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 4f</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 53 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 53</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
| || <code>45 50 2a 00</code> || [[MDI]]
|}

Non-TIFF formats that could be mistaken for TIFF include:
* [[3DS]]

== Compression ==
Tag 259 indicates the image compression scheme, as a coded integer. Some of the known compression schemes are listed below. Some of these are not used in genuine TIFF files, but only in other TIFF-like formats.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|1 || uncompressed
|-
|2 || CCITTRLE. 1-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]]. Essentially the same as code 3, but with different settings. There are no end-of-line markers, and each row is aligned on a byte boundary. See this [http://www.fileformat.info/mirror/egff/ch09_05.htm#CH09-DMYID.1.2 description] from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]].
|-
|3 || 1- or 2-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]], depending on the value of T4Options bit 0.
|-
|4 || [[CCITT Group 4]]
|-
|5 || [[LZW]]
|-
|6 || "Old style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|7 || "New style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|8 || [[DEFLATE]]
|-
|9, 10 || [[JBIG]] (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32766 || [[NeXT 2-bit RLE]]
|-
|32767 || (Used by [[Sony ARW]].)
|-
|32769 || Packed RAW / NIKON_PACK (Used by [[Epson ERF]].)
|-
|32770 || (Used by [[Samsung SRW]].)
|-
|32771 || CCITTRLEW. Same as code 2, except that rows are aligned on a 2-byte boundary.
|-
|32773 || [[PackBits]]
|-
|32809 || [[ThunderScan compression]]
|-
|32867 || Kodak KDC (unconfirmed)
|-
|32895, 32896, 32897, 32898 || IT8CTPAD, IT8LW, IT8MP, IT8BL (refer to [[TIFF/IT]])
|-
|32908 || PIXARFILM. Pixar 10-bit LZW
|-
|32909 || PIXARLOG. Pixar companded 11-bit ZIP
|-
|32946 || [[DEFLATE]] (same as code 8)
|-
|32947 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCS.)
|-
|33003, 33005 || (Used by [[Aperio SVS]].)
|-
|34661 || [[JBIG]]
|-
|34676 || SGILOG. 32-bit SGI Log Luminance RLE
|-
|34677 || SGILOG24. 24-bit SGI Log Luminance packed
|-
|34692 || (Used by [[LuraDocument Format]].)
|-
|34712 || [[JPEG 2000]]
|-
|34713 || (Used by [[Nikon]] NEF.)
|-
|34715 || [[JBIG2]] ([[TIFF-FX]] extension)
|-
|34718, 34719, 34720 || (Used by [[MDI]].)
|-
|34892 || Lossy JPEG (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

Private/rogue compression codes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|99 || JPEG (Used by [[Leaf MOS]].)
|-
|262 || Kodak 262 (unconfirmed)
|-
|65000 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCR.)
|-
|65535 || (Used by [[Pentax PEF]].)
|}

== Color types ==
Tag 262 indicates the color type ("photometric interpretation") of the image, as a coded integer. Some of the known color types are listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Color type
|-
|0 || Grayscale or bi-level, white is 0
|-
|1 || Grayscale or bi-level, black is 0
|-
|2 || RGB
|-
|3 || Palette color
|-
|5 || CMYK
|-
|6 || YCbCr
|-
|8 || CIE L*a*b*
|-
|9 || ICC L*a*b*
|-
|10 || ITU L*a*b* (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32803 || CFA (refer to [[DNG]])
|-
|32844 || CIE Log2(L)
|-
|32845 || CIE Log2(L) (u',v')
|-
|34892 || LinearRaw (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

== Related formats ==

See also [[:Category:TIFF]].

* Tag 700 contains [[XMP]] data.
* Tag 32932 contains [[TIFF annotation data]].
* Tag 33723 contains [[IPTC]] data.
* Tag 34377 contains [[Photoshop Image Resources]].
* Tags 34665 (Exif IFD), 34853 (GPS IFD), and 40965 (Interoperability IFD) point to [[Exif]] directories.
* Tag 34675 contains an [[ICC profile]].
* Tag 37680: See [[OLE Property Set]].
* Tag 37724 (ImageSourceData) contains (after a 36-byte signature) a "series of tagged blocks", as described in the Photoshop [[PSD]] specification and the ''Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes'' document. In some TIFF files, this data has been observed to use little-endian byte order, with block signatures of "MIB8" instead of the usual "8BIM".
* Tag 50933 (ExtraCameraProfiles) points to [[DNG camera profile|DNG camera profiles]].
* [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors|Raw camera formats]] are often based on TIFF.

== Specifications ==
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf TIFF, Revision 6.0] (1992-06-03)
* TIFF Revision 5.0 (1988-08-08): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff5.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-5.txt Text]
* Tag Image File Format Rev 4.0 (1987-04-31): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff4.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-4.txt Text]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf Adobe PageMaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes] (1995-09-14)
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFphotoshop.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes] (2002-03-22) - Defines tag 37724, compression types 7 and 8, photometric interpretation types 8 and 9
* [http://chriscox.org/TIFFTN3d1.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Note 3] (2005-04-08)
* [http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EASY-INNOVA-4.-TIFF-A-Standard-Proposal.pdf TIFF/A draft specification] (2015-02)

=== Metadata tags ===
* [http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html AWare Systems TIFF Tag Reference]
* http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/TIFF_Metadata_Final.pdf
* http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml

== Metaformat files ==

* [https://www.synalysis.net/Grammars/tiff.grammar Synalysis grammar file] (for Hexinator / Synalize It!; [[Synalysis grammar file|more details]])
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/okteta_tiff_HEAD.tar.gz Okteta structure file] (for Okteta; [[Okteta grammar file|more details]])
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/kaitai_struct_formats_HEAD.tar.gz Kaitai grammar file] (for [[Kaitai_Struct|Kaitai]]; own implementation for TIFF)

== Software ==
Most multi-format image viewers and editors support TIFF to some extent. Applications listed here have been selected arbitrarily.
* [[Konvertor]]
* {{Libtiff}}
* [https://github.com/GPHemsley/tiff-js TIFF.js]
* [[XnView]]
* [http://www.irfanview.com/ IrfanView]
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/software.html#_fixit_tiff fixit_tiff (repairs TIFF files, example: broken datetime, wrong tag order and many more errors, also archeological tools included)]
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/software.html#_checkit_tiff checkit_tiff (validates baseline TIFFs against textual rules, incredible fast and very deep analysis)]

== Sample files ==
* http://www.fileformat.info/format/tiff/sample/index.htm
* {{Libtiff|images.html|TIFF Test Images }}
* http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/tif/tif.html
* https://github.com/openplanets/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples
* https://code.google.com/p/imagetestsuite/wiki/TIFFTestSuite
* [https://github.com/openpreserve/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples/old-style-jpeg-compression TIFF with old-style JPEG compression]

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Tagged Image File Format|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|tiff|TIFF File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/index.html Adobe Developer Resources for TIFF]
* [https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/ Adobe Photoshop File Formats Specification] from October 2013
* [https://bytebucket.org/jhove2/main/wiki/documents/JHOVE2-TIFF-module-spec-2-0-0.pdf JHOVE2 TIFF Module Specification 2.0.0] (useful TIFF information)
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/532274856151109632/photo/1 TIFF chart]
* [http://wiki.dpconline.org/images/f/f3/TIFF_Assessment_v1.2_external.pdf TIFF Format Preservation Assessment (British Library)]
* [https://github.com/friesey/preservation-tools/releases/tag/v0.3_TiffAnalysis_alpha TIFF Analysis 3rd Release]
* [http://ti-a.org/ TI/A Standard Initiative]
* [http://openpreservation.org/blog/2017/04/09/using-exiftool-to-address-tag-out-of-sequence-errors-in-images-and-a-101-level-dive-into-tags/ Using EXIFTool to address “Tag out of sequence” errors in images (and a 101 level dive into tags)]

[[Category:Adobe]]

TIFF

2019-01-28T16:35:06Z

Aromeyke: /* Software */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|thiscat=TIFF
|extensions={{ext|tif}}, {{ext|tiff}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/tiff}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000022}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/353}}
}}
'''TIFF''', formerly known as '''Tag(ged) Image File Format''', is an image format capable of storing multiple high quality images in a single file.

A TIFF image may be uncompressed or use a compression scheme internally. Two of the most widely used compression schemes in TIFF files are lossless, including [[LZW]] and, for bitonal images [[CCITT Group 4]], as used for facsimile transmission [fax]. [[JPEG]] baseline DCT-based lossy compression is also used.

Several subtypes and extensions of [[TIFF]] exist, including [[TIFF/EP]], [[TIFF/IT]], [[DNG]], [[GeoTIFF]], [[TIFF-FX]], and [[BigTIFF]]. Multi-image TIFFs may represent sequences of images (such as scanned pages of a document), image tiles, or different versions of the same image, for example Pyramid TIFFs that incorporate images at different resolutions (often tiled). Some software that can read and display a TIFF file may only open the primary image.

TI/A (formerly TIFF/A) is a proposed archival standard based on TIFF (but no longer using its name due to objections by Adobe, which owns the rights to the name TIFF) which is in progress of development.

== Identification ==
TIFF files begin with bytes <code>4D 4D 00 2A</code> (big-[[Endianness|endian]]), or <code>49 49 2A 00</code> (little-endian).

This does not account for [[BigTIFF]] format, which you may or may not consider to be a kind of TIFF.

=== File signatures ===
Some TIFF-like formats use a different file signature (the first few bytes of the file) to help identify them. Some of the known signatures are listed here.

(For formats lacking a public specification, this table may include a hypothetical signature for a byte order that has not been observed.)

{| class="wikitable"
! Big-endian signature
! Little-endian signature
! Format
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2a</code> || <code>49 49 2a 00</code> || TIFF
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2b</code> || <code>49 49 2b 00</code> || [[BigTIFF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 55</code> || <code>49 49 55 00</code> || [[Panasonic RAW/RW2]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 bc 01</code> || [[JPEG XR]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 4e 31</code> || [[NIFF (Navy Image File Format)]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 43 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 43</code> || [[DNG camera profile]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 4f 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 4f</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 53 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 53</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
| || <code>45 50 2a 00</code> || [[MDI]]
|}

Non-TIFF formats that could be mistaken for TIFF include:
* [[3DS]]

== Compression ==
Tag 259 indicates the image compression scheme, as a coded integer. Some of the known compression schemes are listed below. Some of these are not used in genuine TIFF files, but only in other TIFF-like formats.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|1 || uncompressed
|-
|2 || CCITTRLE. 1-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]]. Essentially the same as code 3, but with different settings. There are no end-of-line markers, and each row is aligned on a byte boundary. See this [http://www.fileformat.info/mirror/egff/ch09_05.htm#CH09-DMYID.1.2 description] from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]].
|-
|3 || 1- or 2-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]], depending on the value of T4Options bit 0.
|-
|4 || [[CCITT Group 4]]
|-
|5 || [[LZW]]
|-
|6 || "Old style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|7 || "New style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|8 || [[DEFLATE]]
|-
|9, 10 || [[JBIG]] (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32766 || [[NeXT 2-bit RLE]]
|-
|32767 || (Used by [[Sony ARW]].)
|-
|32769 || Packed RAW / NIKON_PACK (Used by [[Epson ERF]].)
|-
|32770 || (Used by [[Samsung SRW]].)
|-
|32771 || CCITTRLEW. Same as code 2, except that rows are aligned on a 2-byte boundary.
|-
|32773 || [[PackBits]]
|-
|32809 || [[ThunderScan compression]]
|-
|32867 || Kodak KDC (unconfirmed)
|-
|32895, 32896, 32897, 32898 || IT8CTPAD, IT8LW, IT8MP, IT8BL (refer to [[TIFF/IT]])
|-
|32908 || PIXARFILM. Pixar 10-bit LZW
|-
|32909 || PIXARLOG. Pixar companded 11-bit ZIP
|-
|32946 || [[DEFLATE]] (same as code 8)
|-
|32947 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCS.)
|-
|33003, 33005 || (Used by [[Aperio SVS]].)
|-
|34661 || [[JBIG]]
|-
|34676 || SGILOG. 32-bit SGI Log Luminance RLE
|-
|34677 || SGILOG24. 24-bit SGI Log Luminance packed
|-
|34692 || (Used by [[LuraDocument Format]].)
|-
|34712 || [[JPEG 2000]]
|-
|34713 || (Used by [[Nikon]] NEF.)
|-
|34715 || [[JBIG2]] ([[TIFF-FX]] extension)
|-
|34718, 34719, 34720 || (Used by [[MDI]].)
|-
|34892 || Lossy JPEG (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

Private/rogue compression codes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|99 || JPEG (Used by [[Leaf MOS]].)
|-
|262 || Kodak 262 (unconfirmed)
|-
|65000 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCR.)
|-
|65535 || (Used by [[Pentax PEF]].)
|}

== Color types ==
Tag 262 indicates the color type ("photometric interpretation") of the image, as a coded integer. Some of the known color types are listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Color type
|-
|0 || Grayscale or bi-level, white is 0
|-
|1 || Grayscale or bi-level, black is 0
|-
|2 || RGB
|-
|3 || Palette color
|-
|5 || CMYK
|-
|6 || YCbCr
|-
|8 || CIE L*a*b*
|-
|9 || ICC L*a*b*
|-
|10 || ITU L*a*b* (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32803 || CFA (refer to [[DNG]])
|-
|32844 || CIE Log2(L)
|-
|32845 || CIE Log2(L) (u',v')
|-
|34892 || LinearRaw (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

== Related formats ==

See also [[:Category:TIFF]].

* Tag 700 contains [[XMP]] data.
* Tag 32932 contains [[TIFF annotation data]].
* Tag 33723 contains [[IPTC]] data.
* Tag 34377 contains [[Photoshop Image Resources]].
* Tags 34665 (Exif IFD), 34853 (GPS IFD), and 40965 (Interoperability IFD) point to [[Exif]] directories.
* Tag 34675 contains an [[ICC profile]].
* Tag 37680: See [[OLE Property Set]].
* Tag 37724 (ImageSourceData) contains (after a 36-byte signature) a "series of tagged blocks", as described in the Photoshop [[PSD]] specification and the ''Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes'' document. In some TIFF files, this data has been observed to use little-endian byte order, with block signatures of "MIB8" instead of the usual "8BIM".
* Tag 50933 (ExtraCameraProfiles) points to [[DNG camera profile|DNG camera profiles]].
* [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors|Raw camera formats]] are often based on TIFF.

== Specifications ==
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf TIFF, Revision 6.0] (1992-06-03)
* TIFF Revision 5.0 (1988-08-08): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff5.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-5.txt Text]
* Tag Image File Format Rev 4.0 (1987-04-31): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff4.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-4.txt Text]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf Adobe PageMaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes] (1995-09-14)
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFphotoshop.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes] (2002-03-22) - Defines tag 37724, compression types 7 and 8, photometric interpretation types 8 and 9
* [http://chriscox.org/TIFFTN3d1.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Note 3] (2005-04-08)
* [http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EASY-INNOVA-4.-TIFF-A-Standard-Proposal.pdf TIFF/A draft specification] (2015-02)

=== Metadata tags ===
* [http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html AWare Systems TIFF Tag Reference]
* http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/TIFF_Metadata_Final.pdf
* http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml

== Metaformat files ==

* [https://www.synalysis.net/Grammars/tiff.grammar Synalysis grammar file] (for Hexinator / Synalize It!; [[Synalysis grammar file|more details]])
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/okteta_tiff_HEAD.tar.gz Okteta structure file] (for Okteta; [[Okteta grammar file|more details]])
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/kaitai_struct_formats_HEAD.tar.gz Kaitai grammar file] (for [http://kaitai.io/ Kaitai]; Own implementation for TIFF)

== Software ==
Most multi-format image viewers and editors support TIFF to some extent. Applications listed here have been selected arbitrarily.
* [[Konvertor]]
* {{Libtiff}}
* [https://github.com/GPHemsley/tiff-js TIFF.js]
* [[XnView]]
* [http://www.irfanview.com/ IrfanView]
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/software.html#_fixit_tiff fixit_tiff (repairs TIFF files, example: broken datetime, wrong tag order and many more errors, also archeological tools included)]
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/software.html#_checkit_tiff checkit_tiff (validates baseline TIFFs against textual rules, incredible fast and very deep analysis)]

== Sample files ==
* http://www.fileformat.info/format/tiff/sample/index.htm
* {{Libtiff|images.html|TIFF Test Images }}
* http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/tif/tif.html
* https://github.com/openplanets/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples
* https://code.google.com/p/imagetestsuite/wiki/TIFFTestSuite
* [https://github.com/openpreserve/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples/old-style-jpeg-compression TIFF with old-style JPEG compression]

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Tagged Image File Format|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|tiff|TIFF File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/index.html Adobe Developer Resources for TIFF]
* [https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/ Adobe Photoshop File Formats Specification] from October 2013
* [https://bytebucket.org/jhove2/main/wiki/documents/JHOVE2-TIFF-module-spec-2-0-0.pdf JHOVE2 TIFF Module Specification 2.0.0] (useful TIFF information)
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/532274856151109632/photo/1 TIFF chart]
* [http://wiki.dpconline.org/images/f/f3/TIFF_Assessment_v1.2_external.pdf TIFF Format Preservation Assessment (British Library)]
* [https://github.com/friesey/preservation-tools/releases/tag/v0.3_TiffAnalysis_alpha TIFF Analysis 3rd Release]
* [http://ti-a.org/ TI/A Standard Initiative]
* [http://openpreservation.org/blog/2017/04/09/using-exiftool-to-address-tag-out-of-sequence-errors-in-images-and-a-101-level-dive-into-tags/ Using EXIFTool to address “Tag out of sequence” errors in images (and a 101 level dive into tags)]

[[Category:Adobe]]

TIFF

2019-01-28T16:32:25Z

Aromeyke: /* Metaformat files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|thiscat=TIFF
|extensions={{ext|tif}}, {{ext|tiff}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/tiff}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000022}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/353}}
}}
'''TIFF''', formerly known as '''Tag(ged) Image File Format''', is an image format capable of storing multiple high quality images in a single file.

A TIFF image may be uncompressed or use a compression scheme internally. Two of the most widely used compression schemes in TIFF files are lossless, including [[LZW]] and, for bitonal images [[CCITT Group 4]], as used for facsimile transmission [fax]. [[JPEG]] baseline DCT-based lossy compression is also used.

Several subtypes and extensions of [[TIFF]] exist, including [[TIFF/EP]], [[TIFF/IT]], [[DNG]], [[GeoTIFF]], [[TIFF-FX]], and [[BigTIFF]]. Multi-image TIFFs may represent sequences of images (such as scanned pages of a document), image tiles, or different versions of the same image, for example Pyramid TIFFs that incorporate images at different resolutions (often tiled). Some software that can read and display a TIFF file may only open the primary image.

TI/A (formerly TIFF/A) is a proposed archival standard based on TIFF (but no longer using its name due to objections by Adobe, which owns the rights to the name TIFF) which is in progress of development.

== Identification ==
TIFF files begin with bytes <code>4D 4D 00 2A</code> (big-[[Endianness|endian]]), or <code>49 49 2A 00</code> (little-endian).

This does not account for [[BigTIFF]] format, which you may or may not consider to be a kind of TIFF.

=== File signatures ===
Some TIFF-like formats use a different file signature (the first few bytes of the file) to help identify them. Some of the known signatures are listed here.

(For formats lacking a public specification, this table may include a hypothetical signature for a byte order that has not been observed.)

{| class="wikitable"
! Big-endian signature
! Little-endian signature
! Format
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2a</code> || <code>49 49 2a 00</code> || TIFF
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2b</code> || <code>49 49 2b 00</code> || [[BigTIFF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 55</code> || <code>49 49 55 00</code> || [[Panasonic RAW/RW2]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 bc 01</code> || [[JPEG XR]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 4e 31</code> || [[NIFF (Navy Image File Format)]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 43 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 43</code> || [[DNG camera profile]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 4f 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 4f</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 53 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 53</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
| || <code>45 50 2a 00</code> || [[MDI]]
|}

Non-TIFF formats that could be mistaken for TIFF include:
* [[3DS]]

== Compression ==
Tag 259 indicates the image compression scheme, as a coded integer. Some of the known compression schemes are listed below. Some of these are not used in genuine TIFF files, but only in other TIFF-like formats.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|1 || uncompressed
|-
|2 || CCITTRLE. 1-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]]. Essentially the same as code 3, but with different settings. There are no end-of-line markers, and each row is aligned on a byte boundary. See this [http://www.fileformat.info/mirror/egff/ch09_05.htm#CH09-DMYID.1.2 description] from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]].
|-
|3 || 1- or 2-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]], depending on the value of T4Options bit 0.
|-
|4 || [[CCITT Group 4]]
|-
|5 || [[LZW]]
|-
|6 || "Old style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|7 || "New style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|8 || [[DEFLATE]]
|-
|9, 10 || [[JBIG]] (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32766 || [[NeXT 2-bit RLE]]
|-
|32767 || (Used by [[Sony ARW]].)
|-
|32769 || Packed RAW / NIKON_PACK (Used by [[Epson ERF]].)
|-
|32770 || (Used by [[Samsung SRW]].)
|-
|32771 || CCITTRLEW. Same as code 2, except that rows are aligned on a 2-byte boundary.
|-
|32773 || [[PackBits]]
|-
|32809 || [[ThunderScan compression]]
|-
|32867 || Kodak KDC (unconfirmed)
|-
|32895, 32896, 32897, 32898 || IT8CTPAD, IT8LW, IT8MP, IT8BL (refer to [[TIFF/IT]])
|-
|32908 || PIXARFILM. Pixar 10-bit LZW
|-
|32909 || PIXARLOG. Pixar companded 11-bit ZIP
|-
|32946 || [[DEFLATE]] (same as code 8)
|-
|32947 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCS.)
|-
|33003, 33005 || (Used by [[Aperio SVS]].)
|-
|34661 || [[JBIG]]
|-
|34676 || SGILOG. 32-bit SGI Log Luminance RLE
|-
|34677 || SGILOG24. 24-bit SGI Log Luminance packed
|-
|34692 || (Used by [[LuraDocument Format]].)
|-
|34712 || [[JPEG 2000]]
|-
|34713 || (Used by [[Nikon]] NEF.)
|-
|34715 || [[JBIG2]] ([[TIFF-FX]] extension)
|-
|34718, 34719, 34720 || (Used by [[MDI]].)
|-
|34892 || Lossy JPEG (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

Private/rogue compression codes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|99 || JPEG (Used by [[Leaf MOS]].)
|-
|262 || Kodak 262 (unconfirmed)
|-
|65000 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCR.)
|-
|65535 || (Used by [[Pentax PEF]].)
|}

== Color types ==
Tag 262 indicates the color type ("photometric interpretation") of the image, as a coded integer. Some of the known color types are listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Color type
|-
|0 || Grayscale or bi-level, white is 0
|-
|1 || Grayscale or bi-level, black is 0
|-
|2 || RGB
|-
|3 || Palette color
|-
|5 || CMYK
|-
|6 || YCbCr
|-
|8 || CIE L*a*b*
|-
|9 || ICC L*a*b*
|-
|10 || ITU L*a*b* (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32803 || CFA (refer to [[DNG]])
|-
|32844 || CIE Log2(L)
|-
|32845 || CIE Log2(L) (u',v')
|-
|34892 || LinearRaw (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

== Related formats ==

See also [[:Category:TIFF]].

* Tag 700 contains [[XMP]] data.
* Tag 32932 contains [[TIFF annotation data]].
* Tag 33723 contains [[IPTC]] data.
* Tag 34377 contains [[Photoshop Image Resources]].
* Tags 34665 (Exif IFD), 34853 (GPS IFD), and 40965 (Interoperability IFD) point to [[Exif]] directories.
* Tag 34675 contains an [[ICC profile]].
* Tag 37680: See [[OLE Property Set]].
* Tag 37724 (ImageSourceData) contains (after a 36-byte signature) a "series of tagged blocks", as described in the Photoshop [[PSD]] specification and the ''Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes'' document. In some TIFF files, this data has been observed to use little-endian byte order, with block signatures of "MIB8" instead of the usual "8BIM".
* Tag 50933 (ExtraCameraProfiles) points to [[DNG camera profile|DNG camera profiles]].
* [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors|Raw camera formats]] are often based on TIFF.

== Specifications ==
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf TIFF, Revision 6.0] (1992-06-03)
* TIFF Revision 5.0 (1988-08-08): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff5.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-5.txt Text]
* Tag Image File Format Rev 4.0 (1987-04-31): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff4.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-4.txt Text]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf Adobe PageMaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes] (1995-09-14)
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFphotoshop.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes] (2002-03-22) - Defines tag 37724, compression types 7 and 8, photometric interpretation types 8 and 9
* [http://chriscox.org/TIFFTN3d1.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Note 3] (2005-04-08)
* [http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EASY-INNOVA-4.-TIFF-A-Standard-Proposal.pdf TIFF/A draft specification] (2015-02)

=== Metadata tags ===
* [http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html AWare Systems TIFF Tag Reference]
* http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/TIFF_Metadata_Final.pdf
* http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml

== Metaformat files ==

* [https://www.synalysis.net/Grammars/tiff.grammar Synalysis grammar file] (for Hexinator / Synalize It!; [[Synalysis grammar file|more details]])
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/okteta_tiff_HEAD.tar.gz Okteta structure file] (for Okteta; [[Okteta grammar file|more details]])
* [http://andreas-romeyke.de/kaitai_struct_formats_HEAD.tar.gz Kaitai grammar file] (for [http://kaitai.io/ Kaitai]; Own implementation for TIFF)

== Software ==
Most multi-format image viewers and editors support TIFF to some extent. Applications listed here have been selected arbitrarily.
* [[Konvertor]]
* {{Libtiff}}
* [https://github.com/GPHemsley/tiff-js TIFF.js]
* [[XnView]]
* [http://www.irfanview.com/ IrfanView]
* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/fixit_tiff fixit_tiff (repairs TIFF files, example: broken datetime, wrong tag order)]
* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/checkit_tiff checkit_tiff (validates baseline TIFFs against textual rules)]

== Sample files ==
* http://www.fileformat.info/format/tiff/sample/index.htm
* {{Libtiff|images.html|TIFF Test Images }}
* http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/tif/tif.html
* https://github.com/openplanets/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples
* https://code.google.com/p/imagetestsuite/wiki/TIFFTestSuite
* [https://github.com/openpreserve/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples/old-style-jpeg-compression TIFF with old-style JPEG compression]

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Tagged Image File Format|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|tiff|TIFF File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/index.html Adobe Developer Resources for TIFF]
* [https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/ Adobe Photoshop File Formats Specification] from October 2013
* [https://bytebucket.org/jhove2/main/wiki/documents/JHOVE2-TIFF-module-spec-2-0-0.pdf JHOVE2 TIFF Module Specification 2.0.0] (useful TIFF information)
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/532274856151109632/photo/1 TIFF chart]
* [http://wiki.dpconline.org/images/f/f3/TIFF_Assessment_v1.2_external.pdf TIFF Format Preservation Assessment (British Library)]
* [https://github.com/friesey/preservation-tools/releases/tag/v0.3_TiffAnalysis_alpha TIFF Analysis 3rd Release]
* [http://ti-a.org/ TI/A Standard Initiative]
* [http://openpreservation.org/blog/2017/04/09/using-exiftool-to-address-tag-out-of-sequence-errors-in-images-and-a-101-level-dive-into-tags/ Using EXIFTool to address “Tag out of sequence” errors in images (and a 101 level dive into tags)]

[[Category:Adobe]]

File viewing and editing software

2018-06-01T15:21:05Z

Aromeyke:

{|
|[[Software]]
| >
|[[File viewing and editing software]]
|}

To see what is in a file, and possibly to modify it, various sorts of software can be used, ranging from raw binary editors/viewers to programs that perform more sophisticated analysis. [[File creation software]] will usually edit existing files as well, and [[File rendering/interaction software]] will display them in various ways.

* [[Synalyze It]] [https://www.synalysis.net/] and [[Hexinator]] [https://hexinator.com/] are programs (related to one another) that can do raw binary/hexadecimal viewing and editing of files, but also parse them using [[Synalysis grammar file|grammar files]] to analyze various file formats.
* [[Okteta]] [https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/okteta/] is an open source hex editor by the KDE project. It supports also parsing via [[Okteta grammar file]] to analyze various file formats.
[[Category:Software]]

Okteta grammar file

2018-06-01T15:17:45Z

Aromeyke:

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Schema formats
|extensions={{ext|osd}}
}}

Okteta grammar files are used by Okteta, an open source hex editor by the KDE project. See https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/okteta/

There are two types:
* [[XML]] driven grammar files
* [[Javascript]] driven grammar files

The documentation of the grammars is not very well and could be found under https://userbase.kde.org/Okteta/Writing_structure_definitions
[[Category:XML based file formats]]

Okteta grammar file

2018-06-01T15:15:55Z

Aromeyke: Created page with "Okteta grammar files are used by Okteta, an open source hex editor by the KDE project. See https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/okteta/ There are two types: * xml drive..."

Okteta grammar files are used by Okteta, an open source hex editor by the KDE project. See https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/okteta/

There are two types:
* xml driven grammar files
* js driven grammar files

The documentation of the grammars is not very well and could be found under https://userbase.kde.org/Okteta/Writing_structure_definitions

TIFF

2018-06-01T15:12:57Z

Aromeyke:

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|thiscat=TIFF
|extensions={{ext|tif}}, {{ext|tiff}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/tiff}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000022}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/353}}
}}
'''TIFF''', formerly known as '''Tag(ged) Image File Format''', is an image format capable of storing multiple high quality images in a single file.

A TIFF image may be uncompressed or use a compression scheme internally. Two of the most widely used compression schemes in TIFF files are lossless, including [[LZW]] and, for bitonal images [[CCITT Group 4]], as used for facsimile transmission [fax]. [[JPEG]] baseline DCT-based lossy compression is also used.

Several subtypes and extensions of [[TIFF]] exist, including [[TIFF/EP]], [[TIFF/IT]], [[DNG]], [[GeoTIFF]], [[TIFF-FX]], and [[BigTIFF]]. Multi-image TIFFs may represent sequences of images (such as scanned pages of a document), image tiles, or different versions of the same image, for example Pyramid TIFFs that incorporate images at different resolutions (often tiled). Some software that can read and display a TIFF file may only open the primary image.

TI/A (formerly TIFF/A) is a proposed archival standard based on TIFF (but no longer using its name due to objections by Adobe, which owns the rights to the name TIFF) which is in progress of development.

== Identification ==
TIFF files begin with bytes <code>4D 4D 00 2A</code> (big-[[Endianness|endian]]), or <code>49 49 2A 00</code> (little-endian).

This does not account for [[BigTIFF]] format, which you may or may not consider to be a kind of TIFF.

=== File signatures ===
Some TIFF-like formats use a different file signature (the first few bytes of the file) to help identify them. Some of the known signatures are listed here.

(For formats lacking a public specification, this table may include a hypothetical signature for a byte order that has not been observed.)

{| class="wikitable"
! Big-endian signature
! Little-endian signature
! Format
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2a</code> || <code>49 49 2a 00</code> || TIFF
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2b</code> || <code>49 49 2b 00</code> || [[BigTIFF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 55</code> || <code>49 49 55 00</code> || [[Panasonic RAW/RW2]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 bc 01</code> || [[JPEG XR]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 4e 31</code> || [[NIFF (Navy Image File Format)]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 43 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 43</code> || [[DNG camera profile]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 4f 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 4f</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 53 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 53</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
| || <code>45 50 2a 00</code> || [[MDI]]
|}

Non-TIFF formats that could be mistaken for TIFF include:
* [[3DS]]

== Compression ==
Tag 259 indicates the image compression scheme, as a coded integer. Some of the known compression schemes are listed below. Some of these are not used in genuine TIFF files, but only in other TIFF-like formats.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|1 || uncompressed
|-
|2 || CCITTRLE. 1-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]]. Essentially the same as code 3, but with different settings. There are no end-of-line markers, and each row is aligned on a byte boundary. See this [http://www.fileformat.info/mirror/egff/ch09_05.htm#CH09-DMYID.1.2 description] from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]].
|-
|3 || 1- or 2-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]], depending on the value of T4Options bit 0.
|-
|4 || [[CCITT Group 4]]
|-
|5 || [[LZW]]
|-
|6 || "Old style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|7 || "New style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|8 || [[DEFLATE]]
|-
|9, 10 || [[JBIG]] (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32766 || [[NeXT 2-bit RLE]]
|-
|32767 || (Used by [[Sony ARW]].)
|-
|32769 || Packed RAW / NIKON_PACK (Used by [[Epson ERF]].)
|-
|32770 || (Used by [[Samsung SRW]].)
|-
|32771 || CCITTRLEW. Same as code 2, except that rows are aligned on a 2-byte boundary.
|-
|32773 || [[PackBits]]
|-
|32809 || [[ThunderScan compression]]
|-
|32867 || Kodak KDC (unconfirmed)
|-
|32895, 32896, 32897, 32898 || IT8CTPAD, IT8LW, IT8MP, IT8BL (refer to [[TIFF/IT]])
|-
|32908 || PIXARFILM. Pixar 10-bit LZW
|-
|32909 || PIXARLOG. Pixar companded 11-bit ZIP
|-
|32946 || [[DEFLATE]] (same as code 8)
|-
|32947 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCS.)
|-
|33003, 33005 || (Used by [[Aperio SVS]].)
|-
|34661 || [[JBIG]]
|-
|34676 || SGILOG. 32-bit SGI Log Luminance RLE
|-
|34677 || SGILOG24. 24-bit SGI Log Luminance packed
|-
|34692 || (Used by [[LuraDocument Format]].)
|-
|34712 || [[JPEG 2000]]
|-
|34713 || (Used by [[Nikon]] NEF.)
|-
|34715 || [[JBIG2]] ([[TIFF-FX]] extension)
|-
|34718, 34719, 34720 || (Used by [[MDI]].)
|-
|34892 || Lossy JPEG (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

Private/rogue compression codes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|99 || JPEG (Used by [[Leaf MOS]].)
|-
|262 || Kodak 262 (unconfirmed)
|-
|65000 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCR.)
|-
|65535 || (Used by [[Pentax PEF]].)
|}

== Color types ==
Tag 262 indicates the color type ("photometric interpretation") of the image, as a coded integer. Some of the known color types are listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Color type
|-
|0 || Grayscale or bi-level, white is 0
|-
|1 || Grayscale or bi-level, black is 0
|-
|2 || RGB
|-
|3 || Palette color
|-
|5 || CMYK
|-
|6 || YCbCr
|-
|8 || CIE L*a*b*
|-
|9 || ICC L*a*b*
|-
|10 || ITU L*a*b* (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32803 || CFA (refer to [[DNG]])
|-
|32844 || CIE Log2(L)
|-
|32845 || CIE Log2(L) (u',v')
|-
|34892 || LinearRaw (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

== Related formats ==

See also [[:Category:TIFF]].

* Tag 32932 contains [[TIFF annotation data]].

* Tag 33723 contains [[IPTC]] data.

* Tag 34377 contains [[Photoshop Image Resources]].

* Tags 34665 (Exif IFD), 34853 (GPS IFD), and 40965 (Interoperability IFD) point to [[Exif]] directories.

* Tag 34675 contains an [[ICC profile]].

* Tag 37724 (ImageSourceData) contains (after a 36-byte signature) a "series of tagged blocks", as described in the Photoshop [[PSD]] specification and the ''Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes'' document. In some TIFF files, this data has been observed to use little-endian byte order, with block signatures of "MIB8" instead of the usual "8BIM".

* Tag 50933 (ExtraCameraProfiles) points to [[DNG camera profile|DNG camera profiles]].

* [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors|Raw camera formats]] are often based on TIFF.

== Specifications ==
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf TIFF, Revision 6.0] (1992-06-03)
* TIFF Revision 5.0 (1988-08-08): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff5.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-5.txt Text]
* Tag Image File Format Rev 4.0 (1987-04-31): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff4.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-4.txt Text]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf Adobe PageMaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes] (1995-09-14)
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFphotoshop.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes] (2002-03-22) - Defines tag 37724, compression types 7 and 8, photometric interpretation types 8 and 9
* [http://chriscox.org/TIFFTN3d1.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Note 3] (2005-04-08)
* [http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EASY-INNOVA-4.-TIFF-A-Standard-Proposal.pdf TIFF/A draft specification] (2015-02)

=== Metadata tags ===
* [http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html AWare Systems TIFF Tag Reference]
* http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/TIFF_Metadata_Final.pdf
* http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml

== Metaformat files ==

* [https://www.synalysis.net/Grammars/tiff.grammar Synalysis grammar file] (for Hexinator / Synalize It!; [[Synalysis grammar file|more details]])
* [https://github.com/art1pirat/okteta_tiff Okteta grammar file] (for Okteta; [[Okteta grammar file|more details]])

== Software ==
Most multi-format image viewers and editors support TIFF to some extent. Applications listed here have been selected arbitrarily.
* [[Konvertor]]
* {{Libtiff}}
* [https://github.com/GPHemsley/tiff-js TIFF.js]
* [[XnView]]
* [http://www.irfanview.com/ IrfanView]
* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/fixit_tiff fixit_tiff (repairs TIFF files, example: broken datetime, wrong tag order)]
* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/checkit_tiff checkit_tiff (validates baseline TIFFs against textual rules)]

== Sample files ==
* http://www.fileformat.info/format/tiff/sample/index.htm
* {{Libtiff|images.html|TIFF Test Images }}
* http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/tif/tif.html
* https://github.com/openplanets/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples
* https://code.google.com/p/imagetestsuite/wiki/TIFFTestSuite
* [https://github.com/openpreserve/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples/old-style-jpeg-compression TIFF with old-style JPEG compression]

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Tagged Image File Format|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|tiff|TIFF File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/index.html Adobe Developer Resources for TIFF]
* [https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/ Adobe Photoshop File Formats Specification] from October 2013
* [https://bytebucket.org/jhove2/main/wiki/documents/JHOVE2-TIFF-module-spec-2-0-0.pdf JHOVE2 TIFF Module Specification 2.0.0] (useful TIFF information)
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/532274856151109632/photo/1 TIFF chart]
* [http://wiki.dpconline.org/images/f/f3/TIFF_Assessment_v1.2_external.pdf TIFF Format Preservation Assessment (British Library)]
* [https://github.com/friesey/preservation-tools/releases/tag/v0.3_TiffAnalysis_alpha TIFF Analysis 3rd Release]
* [http://ti-a.org/ TI/A Standard Initiative]
* [http://openpreservation.org/blog/2017/04/09/using-exiftool-to-address-tag-out-of-sequence-errors-in-images-and-a-101-level-dive-into-tags/ Using EXIFTool to address “Tag out of sequence” errors in images (and a 101 level dive into tags)]

[[Category:Adobe]]

GeoTIFF

2018-06-01T15:12:49Z

Aromeyke: added Software section

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Geospatial
|extensions={{ext|tiff}}, {{ext|tif}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000279}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/155}}
}}
'''GeoTIFF''' is an extension of [[TIFF]] for containing georeferenced images. GeoTIFF files can be read by normal TIFF utilities, though they may unintentionally strip out the geospatial data in the process.

== References ==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20160403164508/http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/spec/geotiffhome.html GeoTIFF 1.0] Official specification (from archive.org)
* [http://trac.osgeo.org/geotiff/ Main GeoTIFF website at OSGeo] Has a good list of references.

== Software ==
Most multi-format image viewers and editors support TIFF to some extent. Applications listed here have been selected arbitrarily.

* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/checkit_tiff checkit_tiff (validates baseline TIFFs against textual rules, has special support for GeoTIFF extensions)]

[[Category:Graphics]]
[[Category:TIFF]]

TIFF

2016-07-07T09:31:40Z

Aromeyke: /* Software */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|thiscat=TIFF
|extensions={{ext|tif}}, {{ext|tiff}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/tiff}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000022}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/353}}
}}
'''TIFF''', formerly known as '''Tag(ged) Image File Format''', is an image format capable of storing multiple high quality images in a single file.

A TIFF image may be uncompressed or use a compression scheme internally. Two of the most widely used compression schemes in TIFF files are lossless, including [[LZW]] and, for bitonal images [[CCITT Group 4]], as used for facsimile transmission [fax]. [[JPEG]] baseline DCT-based lossy compression is also used.

Several subtypes and extensions of [[TIFF]] exist, including [[TIFF/EP]], [[TIFF/IT]], [[DNG]], [[GeoTIFF]], [[TIFF-FX]], and [[BigTIFF]]. Multi-image TIFFs may represent sequences of images (such as scanned pages of a document), image tiles, or different versions of the same image, for example Pyramid TIFFs that incorporate images at different resolutions (often tiled). Some software that can read and display a TIFF file may only open the primary image.

TI/A (formerly TIFF/A) is a proposed archival standard based on TIFF (but no longer using its name due to objections by Adobe, which owns the rights to the name TIFF) which is in progress of development.

== Identification ==
TIFF files begin with bytes <code>4D 4D 00 2A</code> (big-[[Endianness|endian]]), or <code>49 49 2A 00</code> (little-endian).

This does not account for [[BigTIFF]] format, which you may or may not consider to be a kind of TIFF.

=== File signatures ===
Some TIFF-like formats use a different file signature (the first few bytes of the file) to help identify them. Some of the known signatures are listed here.

(For formats lacking a public specification, this table may include a hypothetical signature for a byte order that has not been observed.)

{| class="wikitable"
! Big-endian signature
! Little-endian signature
! Format
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2a</code> || <code>49 49 2a 00</code> || TIFF
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 2b</code> || <code>49 49 2b 00</code> || [[BigTIFF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 00 55</code> || <code>49 49 55 00</code> || [[Panasonic RAW/RW2]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 bc 01</code> || [[JPEG XR]]
|-
| || <code>49 49 4e 31</code> || [[NIFF (Navy Image File Format)]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 43 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 43</code> || [[DNG camera profile]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 4f 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 4f</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
|<code>4d 4d 53 52</code> || <code>49 49 52 53</code> || [[Olympus ORF]]
|-
| || <code>45 50 2a 00</code> || [[MDI]]
|}

== Compression ==
Tag 259 indicates the image compression scheme, as a coded integer. Some of the known compression schemes are listed below. Some of these are not used in genuine TIFF files, but only in other TIFF-like formats.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|1 || uncompressed
|-
|2 || CCITTRLE. 1-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]]. Essentially the same as code 3, but with different settings. There are no end-of-line markers, and each row is aligned on a byte boundary. See this [http://www.fileformat.info/mirror/egff/ch09_05.htm#CH09-DMYID.1.2 description] from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]].
|-
|3 || 1- or 2-dimensional [[CCITT Group 3]], depending on the value of T4Options bit 0.
|-
|4 || [[CCITT Group 4]]
|-
|5 || [[LZW]]
|-
|6 || "Old style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|7 || "New style" [[JPEG]]
|-
|8 || [[DEFLATE]]
|-
|9, 10 || [[JBIG]] (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32766 || [[NeXT 2-bit RLE]]
|-
|32767 || (Used by [[Sony ARW]].)
|-
|32769 || Packed RAW / NIKON_PACK (Used by [[Epson ERF]].)
|-
|32770 || (Used by [[Samsung SRW]].)
|-
|32771 || CCITTRLEW. Same as code 2, except that rows are aligned on a 2-byte boundary.
|-
|32773 || [[PackBits]]
|-
|32809 || [[ThunderScan compression]]
|-
|32867 || Kodak KDC (unconfirmed)
|-
|32895, 32896, 32897, 32898 || IT8CTPAD, IT8LW, IT8MP, IT8BL (refer to [[TIFF/IT]])
|-
|32908 || PIXARFILM. Pixar 10-bit LZW
|-
|32909 || PIXARLOG. Pixar companded 11-bit ZIP
|-
|32946 || [[DEFLATE]] (same as code 8)
|-
|32947 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCS.)
|-
|33003, 33005 || (Used by [[Aperio SVS]].)
|-
|34661 || [[JBIG]]
|-
|34676 || SGILOG. 32-bit SGI Log Luminance RLE
|-
|34677 || SGILOG24. 24-bit SGI Log Luminance packed
|-
|34692 || (Used by [[LuraDocument Format]].)
|-
|34712 || [[JPEG 2000]]
|-
|34713 || (Used by [[Nikon]] NEF.)
|-
|34715 || [[JBIG2]] ([[TIFF-FX]] extension)
|-
|34718, 34719, 34720 || (Used by [[MDI]].)
|-
|34892 || Lossy JPEG (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

Private/rogue compression codes:
{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Compression scheme
|-
|99 || JPEG (Used by [[Leaf MOS]].)
|-
|262 || Kodak 262 (unconfirmed)
|-
|65000 || (Used by [[Kodak]] DCR.)
|-
|65535 || (Used by [[Pentax PEF]].)
|}

== Color types ==
Tag 262 indicates the color type ("photometric interpretation") of the image, as a coded integer. Some of the known color types are listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
! Code
! Color type
|-
|0 || Grayscale or bi-level, white is 0
|-
|1 || Grayscale or bi-level, black is 0
|-
|2 || RGB
|-
|3 || Palette color
|-
|5 || CMYK
|-
|6 || YCbCr
|-
|8 || CIE L*a*b*
|-
|9 || ICC L*a*b*
|-
|10 || ITU L*a*b* (refer to [[TIFF-FX]])
|-
|32803 || CFA (refer to [[DNG]])
|-
|32844 || CIE Log2(L)
|-
|32845 || CIE Log2(L) (u',v')
|-
|34892 || LinearRaw (refer to [[DNG]])
|}

== Related formats ==

See also [[:Category:TIFF]].

* Tag 32932 contains [[TIFF annotation data]].

* Tag 33723 contains [[IPTC]] data.

* Tag 34377 contains [[Photoshop Image Resources]].

* Tags 34665 (Exif IFD), 34853 (GPS IFD), and 40965 (Interoperability IFD) point to [[Exif]] directories.

* Tag 34675 contains an [[ICC profile]].

* Tag 37724 (ImageSourceData) contains "Layer and Mask Information" from [[PSD]] format.

* Tag 50933 (ExtraCameraProfiles) points to [[DNG camera profile|DNG camera profiles]].

* [[Cameras and Digital Image Sensors|Raw camera formats]] are often based on TIFF.

== Specifications ==
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf TIFF, Revision 6.0] (1992-06-03)
* TIFF Revision 5.0 (1988-08-08): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff5.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-5.txt Text]
* Tag Image File Format Rev 4.0 (1987-04-31): [http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/imaging/std/tiff4.html HTML], [http://www.martinreddy.net/gfx/2d/TIFF-4.txt Text]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFPM6.pdf Adobe PageMaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes] (1995-09-14)
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFFphotoshop.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Notes] (2002-03-22) - Defines tag 37724, compression types 7 and 8, photometric interpretation types 8 and 9
* [http://chriscox.org/TIFFTN3d1.pdf Adobe Photoshop TIFF Technical Note 3] (2005-04-08)
* [http://www.digitalmeetsculture.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/EASY-INNOVA-4.-TIFF-A-Standard-Proposal.pdf TIFF/A draft specification] (2015-02)

=== Metadata tags ===
* [http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags.html AWare Systems TIFF Tag Reference]
* http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/guidelines/TIFF_Metadata_Final.pdf
* http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml

== Metaformat files ==

* [https://www.synalysis.net/Grammars/tiff.grammar Synalysis grammar file] (for Hexinator / Synalize It!; [[Synalysis grammar file|more details]])

== Software ==
Most multi-format image viewers and editors support TIFF to some extent. Applications listed here have been selected arbitrarily.
* [[Konvertor]]
* [http://www.remotesensing.org/libtiff/ LibTIFF]
* [https://github.com/GPHemsley/tiff-js TIFF.js]
* [[XnView]]
* [http://www.irfanview.com/ IrfanView]
* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/fixit_tiff fixit_tiff (repairs TIFF files, example: broken datetime, wrong tag order)]
* [https://github.com/SLUB-digitalpreservation/checkit_tiff checkit_tiff (validates baseline TIFFs against textual rules)]

== Sample files ==
* http://www.fileformat.info/format/tiff/sample/index.htm
* http://www.remotesensing.org/libtiff/images.html
* http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/tif/tif.html
* https://github.com/openplanets/format-corpus/tree/master/tiff-examples
* https://code.google.com/p/imagetestsuite/wiki/TIFFTestSuite

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Tagged Image File Format|Wikipedia article]]
* {{EGFF|tiff|TIFF File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tiff/index.html Adobe Developer Resources for TIFF]
* [https://www.adobe.com/devnet-apps/photoshop/fileformatashtml/ Adobe Photoshop File Formats Specification] from October 2013
* [https://bytebucket.org/jhove2/main/wiki/documents/JHOVE2-TIFF-module-spec-2-0-0.pdf JHOVE2 TIFF Module Specification 2.0.0] (useful TIFF information)
* [https://twitter.com/angealbertini/status/532274856151109632/photo/1 TIFF chart]
* [http://wiki.dpconline.org/images/f/f3/TIFF_Assessment_v1.2_external.pdf TIFF Format Preservation Assessment (British Library)]
* [https://github.com/friesey/preservation-tools/releases/tag/v0.3_TiffAnalysis_alpha TIFF Analysis 3rd Release]
* [http://ti-a.org/ TI/A Standard Initiative]

[[Category:Adobe]]