Just Solve the File Format Problem - User contributions [en]

Shapefile

2026-04-22T12:01:17Z

AndyJackson: /* Format documentation */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Geospatial
|extensions={{ext|shp}}, {{ext|shx}}, {{ext|dbf}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000280}}, {{LoCFDD|fdd000326}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/235}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/277}}
}}
The '''Shapefile''' from [[ESRI]] is a proprietary but openly documented and widely used geospatial vector format. A shapefile can store a collection of geospatial features (points, lines, and/or polygons) together with attribute details (such as labels and associated measurements) for the features. A shapefile is actually a cluster of files, which share an 8-character filename, but use different extensions. A shapefile consists minimally of a main file, an index file, and a [[DBF|dBASE]] table (.shp, .shx, and .dbf). The cluster of files is typically stored in the same file directory or project workspace. The main file (.shp) contains the primary geographic reference data in the shapefile. The .dbf file (in dBase format) stores the attribute data. The .shx file is a positional index to features in the .shp file.

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf ESRI Shapefile Technical Description] ESRI, July 1998
* [https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/manage-data/shapefiles/shapefile-file-extensions.htm Shapefile file extensions] - describing the multi-part format file name and extension conventions.

== Metaformat files ==

* {{Synalysis|shp|Synalysis grammar file for SHP}}
* {{Synalysis|shx|Synalysis grammar file for SHX}}

== Software ==
* [http://www.osgeo.org/gdal_ogr Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL/OGR)] Cross platform C++ translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/esriShape}}
* [https://gis-pdx.opendata.arcgis.com/ City of Portland Open GeoData]

== See also ==
* [[E00]]

== Other links and references ==
* [[Wikipedia:Shapefile|Shapefile : Wikipedia]]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000280.shtml ESRI Shapefile, from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000326.shtml dBASE Table for ESRI Shapefile (DBF), from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]

[[Category:Multi-file formats]]
[[Category:Esri]]

Shapefile

2026-04-22T09:17:25Z

AndyJackson: /* Sample files */ Dexvert samples appear to have reclassified as images

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Geospatial
|extensions={{ext|shp}}, {{ext|shx}}, {{ext|dbf}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000280}}, {{LoCFDD|fdd000326}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/235}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/277}}
}}
The '''Shapefile''' from [[ESRI]] is a proprietary but openly documented and widely used geospatial vector format. A shapefile can store a collection of geospatial features (points, lines, and/or polygons) together with attribute details (such as labels and associated measurements) for the features. A shapefile is actually a cluster of files, which share an 8-character filename, but use different extensions. A shapefile consists minimally of a main file, an index file, and a [[DBF|dBASE]] table (.shp, .shx, and .dbf). The cluster of files is typically stored in the same file directory or project workspace. The main file (.shp) contains the primary geographic reference data in the shapefile. The .dbf file (in dBase format) stores the attribute data. The .shx file is a positional index to features in the .shp file.

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf ESRI Shapefile Technical Description] ESRI, July 1998

== Metaformat files ==

* {{Synalysis|shp|Synalysis grammar file for SHP}}
* {{Synalysis|shx|Synalysis grammar file for SHX}}

== Software ==
* [http://www.osgeo.org/gdal_ogr Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL/OGR)] Cross platform C++ translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|image/esriShape}}
* [https://gis-pdx.opendata.arcgis.com/ City of Portland Open GeoData]

== See also ==
* [[E00]]

== Other links and references ==
* [[Wikipedia:Shapefile|Shapefile : Wikipedia]]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000280.shtml ESRI Shapefile, from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000326.shtml dBASE Table for ESRI Shapefile (DBF), from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]

[[Category:Multi-file formats]]
[[Category:Esri]]

Shapefile

2026-04-22T09:11:08Z

AndyJackson: /* Sample files */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Geospatial
|extensions={{ext|shp}}, {{ext|shx}}, {{ext|dbf}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000280}}, {{LoCFDD|fdd000326}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/235}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/277}}
}}
The '''Shapefile''' from [[ESRI]] is a proprietary but openly documented and widely used geospatial vector format. A shapefile can store a collection of geospatial features (points, lines, and/or polygons) together with attribute details (such as labels and associated measurements) for the features. A shapefile is actually a cluster of files, which share an 8-character filename, but use different extensions. A shapefile consists minimally of a main file, an index file, and a [[DBF|dBASE]] table (.shp, .shx, and .dbf). The cluster of files is typically stored in the same file directory or project workspace. The main file (.shp) contains the primary geographic reference data in the shapefile. The .dbf file (in dBase format) stores the attribute data. The .shx file is a positional index to features in the .shp file.

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.esri.com/library/whitepapers/pdfs/shapefile.pdf ESRI Shapefile Technical Description] ESRI, July 1998

== Metaformat files ==

* {{Synalysis|shp|Synalysis grammar file for SHP}}
* {{Synalysis|shx|Synalysis grammar file for SHX}}

== Software ==
* [http://www.osgeo.org/gdal_ogr Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL/OGR)] Cross platform C++ translator library for raster and vector geospatial data formats

== Sample files ==
* {{DexvertSamples|poly/esriShape}}
* [https://gis-pdx.opendata.arcgis.com/ City of Portland Open GeoData]

== See also ==
* [[E00]]

== Other links and references ==
* [[Wikipedia:Shapefile|Shapefile : Wikipedia]]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000280.shtml ESRI Shapefile, from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000326.shtml dBASE Table for ESRI Shapefile (DBF), from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]

[[Category:Multi-file formats]]
[[Category:Esri]]

BagIt

2025-02-10T13:33:04Z

AndyJackson: /* References */

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Archiving
}}

'''BagIt''' is a container format defined in an Internet Draft: https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-kunze-bagit-12 . BagIt is a hierarchical file packaging format designed for storage and transfer of arbitrary digital content. A bag consists of a "payload" and "tags". The payload is treated as opaque; the tags are metadata files intended to document the payload contents and transfer of the bag. A bag must contain at least one 'manifest' file that lists the payload files and checksums using a declared algorithm. Optionally, additional metadata can be stored in tag and info files following naming and syntax rules in the specification. For transfer, a BagIt structure is typically packed into a [[ZIP]] or .tar.gz file ([[Tape Archive]] + [[gzip]]). The [[Mailbag]] spec (under development as of 2021) is an extension of BagIt.

== Spec ==
* RFC 8493

== Software ==
* [https://wiki.ucop.edu/display/Curation/BagIt BagIt File Packaging Format] Has links to several software tools and libraries.
* [https://github.com/edsu/fondz fondz: generate archival description from bags]
* [https://github.com/finoradin/pre-ingest copy / bag / validate utility]

== References ==
* [https://wiki.ucop.edu/display/Curation/BagIt BagIt File Packaging Format] From CDL (California Digital Library), University of California.
* [https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-kunze-bagit-12 The BagIt File Packaging Format (V0.97) (Internet draft, rev 12)]
* [https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-kunze-bagit-11 The BagIt File Packaging Format (V0.97) (Internet draft, rev 11)]
* [https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-kunze-bagit-10 The BagIt File Packaging Format (V0.97) (Internet draft, rev 10)]
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/documents/bagitspec.pdf The BagIt File Packaging Format (V0.97) (old copy at Library of Congress, rev 7)]
* [[Wikipedia:BagIt|Wikipedia article]]
* [https://alexwlchan.net/2025/bagit-errors/ Unexpected errors in the BagIt area] - Detailed advice on how to approach testing your Bags.

DVD

2024-12-02T09:01:46Z

AndyJackson: /* External links */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=physical
|subcat=Optical Discs
|thiscat=DVD
|released=1995
|image=Dvd.jpg
|caption=DVD
}}
'''DVD''' ('''Digital Versatile Disc''', formerly '''Digital Video Disc''') is an [[Optical Discs|optical disc]] storage format. DVDs can be single- or double-sided, and each side can be single- or dual-layer recorded. A variant of [[MPEG-2]] encoding is used for video streams, which results in [[Packetized Elementary Stream]] packets containing the data (including subsidiary items such as subtitles).

DVDs overtook [[VHS]] tapes as the dominant format for video sales and rentals in the 2000s. The [[HD-DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc]] formats dueled it out in a format war to be the successor of the DVD, with BluRay ultimately winning, but DVDs are still widely used alongside them. Digital [[Video|video formats]] (download or streaming) are increasing in popularity as a competitor to physical media.

== Encoding formats ==

* [[DVD-Video]]
* [[DVD-Audio]]
* [[DVD-VR]]
* [[DVD-AR]]
* [[DVD-ROM]]
* [[DVD-R]]
* [[DVD+R]]
* [[DVD-RW]]
* [[DVD+RW]]
* [[DVD-RAM]]

== See also ==

* [[MiniDVD]]
* [[VOB]]
* [[Content Scramble System]]
* [[CPPM|Content Protection for Prerecorded Media]]
* [[M-Disc]]

== External links ==

* [[Wikipedia:DVD]]
* [http://lifehacker.com/380702/five-best-dvd-ripping-tools Five best DVD ripping tools] (Lifehacker)
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/05/22/promotional-dvds-smell-like-pi.html Promotional DVDs smell like pizza when played]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/02/13/tell-the-irs-that-mountains-of.html Tell the IRS that mountains of DVDs are a stupid way to distribute public records]
* [http://www.digitizationguidelines.gov/audio-visual/documents/Preserve_DVDs_BloodReport_20140901.pdf Preserving Write-Once DVDs (PDF)]
* [http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/ DVD-Video Information]
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Inside_DVD-Video/Directory_Structure WikiBooks - Inside DVD-Video/Directory Structure]

CD

2024-08-24T13:39:30Z

AndyJackson: /* Links */ Adding an article about pregaps.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=physical
|subcat=Optical Discs
|thiscat=CD
|released=1982
}}
The '''CD''' (Compact Disc) is a popular medium for recorded sound as well as computer data, developed by Philips and Sony. It is a laser-read optical disc. Discs of the same size were later used for the [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc]] formats, allowing the same player to support all of these formats.

== Types ==
* [[CD-DA]] (Compact Disc Digital Audio or Red Book)
* [[CD-Extra]] (Blue Book)
* [[CD-MIDI]]
* [[CD-ROM]] (Yellow Book)
* [[CD-ROM XA]]
* [[DD-CD]] (Double-density Compact Disc)
* [[Enhanced CD]]
* [[Linked MultiSession]]
* [[Photo CD]] (Beige Book)
* [[CD+G]] (CD+Graphics (Karaoke))
* [[CD-i]] (Green Book)
* [[SACD]] (Super Audio CD or Scarlet Book)
* [[VCD]] (Video CD or White Book)
** [[Super Video CD]]
* [[HighMAT]]

== Imaging/Ripping CDs ==

* [https://forensics.wiki/tags/#disk-imaging ForensicsWiki:Disk Imaging]
* [https://gist.github.com/bitsgalore/1bea8f015eca21a706e7#file-notescdimaging-md CD imaging notes + sample tool output] by [[User:Johanvanderknijff]]
* Developing a Robust Migration Workflow for Preserving and Curating Hand-held Media [http://anjackson.net/keeping-codes/practice/developing-a-robust-migration-workflow-for-preserving-and-curating-handheld-media.html html], [http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.4932 pdf pre-print].
* [http://wiki.opf-labs.org/display/SPR/Audio+CD+Preservation SPRUCE/OPF Audio CD Preservation]
* [https://www.bitsgalore.org/2015/11/13/preserving-optical-media-from-the-command-line Preserving optical media from the command line]

== Format information ==
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/libcdio/libcdio.html#CD-Formats CD Formats overview] - GNU libcdio documentation
* [https://byuu.net/compact-discs/structure Compact Disc Structure] (byuu.net)

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Compact disc|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ut_40U0t9pU How It's Made: Compact Discs (video)]
* [http://www.digitalmusicnews.com/permalink/2014/03/20/entourage-music-supervisor-throws-out-cds Entourage Music Supervisor Throws Out CDs On The Street]
* [http://www.openplanetsfoundation.org/comment/559 Establishing a Workflow Model for Audio CD Preservation]
* [https://instagram.com/p/1qs52OMeM9/ It turns out that your CD drives really don't like having CDs explode inside them]
* [http://www.filfre.net/2016/09/a-slow-motion-revolution/ A Slow-Motion Revolution] - History of the CD-ROM (including CD-I)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tx6TYnPat8 Video: Introducing the amazing Compact Disc (1982)]
* [https://tedium.co/2024/07/06/compact-disc-pregap-history/ Mind The Pregap - Pondering the compatibility issues and complications of a clever element of the audio CD hidden track boom: The before-album pregap.]

[[Category:Philips]]
[[Category:Sony]]

User:AndyJackson

2024-08-23T08:11:00Z

AndyJackson: Update contact details

If you need to get in touch, use [https://digipres.club/@anj Mastodon] or the other contact details on [http://anjackson.net/ my own page].

Experiments
* [[User:AndyJackson/CIF]]
* Templates
** [[Template:File Format/Preload]]

QuickTime

2024-08-23T08:09:42Z

AndyJackson: Replacing broken link with archived version

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Video
|extensions={{ext|mov}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|video/quicktime}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/384}}
|wikidata={{wikidata|Q942350}}
|kaitai struct=quicktime_mov
}}
:''"MOV" redirects here. For another MOV format, see [[Electronic Arts MOV]]. For movie formats in general, see [[Video]].''

'''QuickTime''' is a container format developed by Apple Computer, Inc. It is usually used to wrap video content, but can also be used to wrap sound and still image data.

The QuickTime format was used as the basis for the international standard [[MPEG-4]] format.

A now-deprecated related format for still images taken from a QuickTime video is [[QTIF]].

==History==

QuickTime was originally released in 1991 following years of internal development.
QuickTime exists in 7 minor format releases from 1991 (1.x) through 2016 (7.x).
A major upgrade to the platform occurred in 2009 with QuickTime X.
The current version of classic QuickTime is 7.7.9 as of 2016.
QuickTime X is At version 10.5

== Format ==
See [[boxes/atoms format]]. Starting in 2004, the QuickTime movie file specification has been based on [[ISO Base Media File Format]], with a brand of "<code>qt  </code>".

== Quicktime VR ==
In the past, the Quicktime format has been used as a container for so called Virtual Reality (or rather, 360 degree panorama) data. Not clear how to identify. File extensions usually just .mov, but may be .qt or more specifically .qvr (possibly .qtvr?).

* [http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.12/12.05/QTVRTutorial/index.html Getting started with QuickTime VR] - tutorial from February, 1996.]
** Mentions "creator/file type of the downloaded movie to QuickTime VR’s 'vrod'/'MooV'", which may be the type?
** ffprobe shows "Stream #0:1(eng): Data: none (pano / 0x6F6E6170), 0 kb/s", so I presume 'pano' is the ftyp/FourCC?
** "The media type of the panorama track is 'pano'." from Quicktime file format specification, page 289.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150710224427/http://www.synthetic-ap.com/qtvr/qtvrsamp.html Example Quicktime VR files]

== Specifications ==

* [https://developer.apple.com/standards/classic-quicktime/ QuickTime File Format Specification (classic, 2001)]
* [https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/QuickTime/QTFF/ QuickTime File Format Specification (current version)]

== Metaformat files ==

* {{Synalysis|qt}}

== Software ==
* [[Konvertor]]
* [http://archive.org/download/PowerPlay0597/PowerPlay0597.iso01.iso/TOOLS/Qtime/QT32INST.EXE QuickTime 2.1.2 for Windows (c. 1997)]
* [http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/ Current QuickTime download]
* [[FFmpeg]]

== Sample files ==
* [http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1425 Apple's sample QuickTime files in several encodings]
* {{DexvertSamples|video/mov}}
* {{DexvertSamples|audio/quickTimeAudio}}
* http://samples.mplayerhq.hu/mov/

== See also ==
* [[Boxes/atoms format]]
* [[ISO Base Media File Format]]
* [[MPEG-4]]
* [[PICT]]
* [[QTIF]]
* [[QuickTime Animation]]

== Links and references ==

* [http://www.apple.com/quicktime/ Official site]
* [[Wikipedia:QuickTime|QuickTime : Wikipedia]]
* {{EGFF|quicktime|QuickTime File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://scarygoround.com/index.php?date=20110408 Even comic-strip people can have trouble getting those things to play...]

[[Category:Apple]]
[[Category:Box file format]]

User:AndyJackson

2024-08-05T12:20:16Z

AndyJackson:

If you need to get in touch, use [http://twitter.com/anjacks0n Twitter] or [http://anjackson.net/contact my own contact page].

Experiments
* [[User:AndyJackson/CIF]]
* Templates
** [[Template:File Format/Preload]]

CD

2015-10-20T20:44:10Z

AndyJackson:

CD

2015-10-20T20:43:22Z

AndyJackson: Adding some links to notes on ripping CDs.

OpenDocument Text

2015-05-24T19:50:00Z

AndyJackson: /* Links */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|extensions={{ext|fodt}}, {{ext|odt}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/136}},{{PRONOM|fmt/290}},{{PRONOM|fmt/291}}
|released=2005-05-01
}}
The '''OpenDocument Text''' format is one of a number of types of the [[OpenDocument|Open Document Format for Office Applications]] (commonly referred to as OpenDocument), an [[XML]]-based file format defined by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) in 2005.

OpenDocument Text can, like all [[OpenDocument]] files, be represented in one of two fashions - as a single XML document or as a collection of several sub-documents within a single package (commonly a [[ZIP]] archive). Generally, the extension '''.fodt''' is used for the uncommonly-used single XML documents and '''.odt''' for packaged sub-documents.

== Image embedding issue ==
Both OpenOffice and LibreOffice are affected by a long-running bug where upon pasting an image into a document, only a ''hyperlink'' to the image is inserted by default (rather than the ''actual image data''). More details can be found [http://wiki.opf-labs.org/display/TR/Images+not+embedded+because+of+paste+as+link+bug+in+OpenOffice+and+LibreOffice here]. This bug was first reported in 2004, and as of 2013 it still hasn't been resolved.

== Information ==

* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.0 OpenDocument v1.0 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.1 OpenDocument v1.1 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.2 OpenDocument v1.2 specification]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDocument Wikipedia - OpenDocument]

== Zipped Archive Structure ==

When stored as a ZIP archive (with an .odt extension), it contains [[XML]] files describing text and relationships and [[JPEG]], [[PNG]], and other graphical files for pictures and other media included in the document.

The layout of the regular ODT file is the following:
* META-INF
** manifest.xml
* Thumbnails
** thumbnail.png
* content.xml
* manifest.rdf
* meta.xml
* mimetype
* settings.xml
* styles.xml

===Inner files description===
====manifest.xml====
Lists all the other xml files that are in this document. In the event of the simple document its contents maybe something like:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE manifest:manifest PUBLIC "-//OpenOffice.org//DTD Manifest 1.0//EN" "Manifest.dtd">
<manifest:manifest xmlns:manifest="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:manifest:1.0">
<manifest:file-entry manifest:media-type="application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text" manifest:full-path="/"/>
<manifest:file-entry manifest:media-type="text/xml" manifest:full-path="content.xml"/>
<manifest:file-entry manifest:media-type="text/xml" manifest:full-path="styles.xml"/>
<manifest:file-entry manifest:media-type="text/xml" manifest:full-path="meta.xml"/>
<manifest:file-entry manifest:media-type="text/xml" manifest:full-path="settings.xml"/>
</manifest:manifest>

====content.xml====
This is the file that contains all the text in the document.

The root element is always <office:document-content>. To get the text without metadata you go through the following hierarchy:
* office:document-content
** office:body
*** office:text

There you will find tags in the ''text'' namespace, that either mirror HTML in their names or are self-explanatory for the most part. Some examplese are:
* text:p - paragraph
* text:list - a listing that will have several text:list-item elements
* text:list-item - a single item of the list

Each text tag may have text:style attribute that links it to the style that is defined in office:document-content > office:automatic-styles > style:style.

====manifest.rdf====
[[RDF]] metadata. Most often the contents are just

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
</rdf:RDF>

====meta.xml====
This is the metadata that somebody fills in to describe the document or is automatically recorded by the software. The root element is always office:document-meta. The contents are defined rather loosely, the editing software is advised not to delete tags that it doesn't recognise, since other software maybe using them. In practice deleting all the contents of office:document-meta > office:meta will not damage the document, and it can be considered non-essential information.

====mimetype====
A text file that consists of
application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text

====settings.xml====
Software specific settings of the document. The root tag is <office:document-settings>. No inner contents are required for the functioning document.

====styles.xml====
Non-automatic document styles, that are held in <office:document-styles> tag.

== Microsoft Office 2010 ==

Microsoft Office 2010 seems to have some issues adhering to the OpenDocument standard. See the following link for more information;

* [http://tbullock.comlore.com/2011/04/odf-12-support-in-microsoft-office.html Depth of Knowledge: ODF 1.2 Support in Microsoft Office]

== Sample files ==
* [http://www.dan.info/sampledata/msword/testing.odt Sample document saved from Windows Word 2007]

== Links ==
* [http://blog.riemann.cc/2013/04/23/versioning-of-openoffice-libreoffice-documents-using-git/ Versioning of OpenOffice/LibreOffice Documents Using Git]
* [http://wiki.opf-labs.org/display/TR/OpenDocument+Text OpenDocument Text entries in OPF File Format Risk Registry ]
* [https://updegrove.wordpress.com/2014/03/12/odf-vs-ooxml-war-of-the-words/ ODF vs. OOXML: War of the Words]
* [http://askubuntu.com/questions/60778/how-can-i-convert-an-odt-file-to-a-pdf How to convert ODT to PDF]

[[Category:XML based file formats]]
[[Category:ZIP based file formats]]

OpenDocument

2015-05-24T19:48:12Z

AndyJackson: /* Software */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/135}}, others
|extensions={{ext|odm}}, {{ext|odt}}, {{ext|ods}}, {{ext|odg}}, {{ext|odp}}, {{ext|odc}}, {{ext|odi}}, {{ext|odf}}, {{ext|odb}}, {{ext|ott}}, {{ext|ots}}, {{ext|otg}}, {{ext|otp}}, {{ext|otc}}, {{ext|oti}}, {{ext|otf}}, {{ext|oth}}, {{ext|fodt}}, {{ext|fods}}, {{ext|fodg}}, {{ext|fodp}}
|released=2005
}}
'''OpenDocument''', also known as '''Open Document Format for Office Applications''' or '''ODF''', is a family of file formats designed to be used by word processors, spreadsheet applications, and other office applications. These formats were developed by a group called OASIS, so they are sometimes referred to as "OASIS format" or "OASIS Open Document Format".

== Formats ==
=== Documents ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
! PRONOM
|-
|[[OpenDocument Text]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.tex}}
|.odt, .fodt
|{{PRONOM|fmt/136}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/290}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/291}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Spreadsheet]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet}}
|.ods, .fods
|{{PRONOM|fmt/137}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/294}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/295}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Drawing]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics}}
|.odg, .fodg
|{{PRONOM|fmt/139}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/296}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/297}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Presentation]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation}}
|.odp, .fodp
|{{PRONOM|fmt/138}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/292}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/293}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Chart]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart}}
|.odc
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Image]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image}}
|.odi
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Formula]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula}}
|.odf
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Database|OpenDocument Database Front End]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.base}}<br>{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database}}
|.odb
|{{PRONOM|fmt/140}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/444}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/424}}
|}

=== Templates ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
|-
|[[OpenDocument Text Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template}}
|.ott
|-
|[[OpenDocument Spreadsheet Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template}}
|.ots
|-
|[[OpenDocument Drawing Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphic-template}}
|.otg
|-
|[[OpenDocument Presentation Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template}}
|.otp
|-
|[[OpenDocument Chart Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template}}
|.otc
|-
|[[OpenDocument Image Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template}}
|.oti
|-
|[[OpenDocument Formula Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template}}
|.otf
|-
|[[OpenDocument HTML Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web}}
|.oth
|}

=== Other ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
|-
|Global Text Document
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master}}
|.odm
|}

== Identification ==
In most cases, OpenDocument files begin with the ASCII string "<code>PK</code>", have "<code>mimetype</code>" at offset 30, and "<code>application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.</code>" at offset 38.

== Specifications ==
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.0 OpenDocument v1.0 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.1 OpenDocument v1.1 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.2 OpenDocument v1.2 specification]

== Software ==
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument software|Wikipedia: OpenDocument software]]
* [[Wikipedia:Comparison of OpenDocument software|Wikipedia: Comparison of OpenDocument software]]
* [http://webodf.org/ WebODF]
* [http://sourceforge.net/p/libwpd/wiki/libodfgen/ libodfgen library]
* [https://incubator.apache.org/odftoolkit/ ODF Toolkit] (Java) including:
** [https://incubator.apache.org/odftoolkit/conformance/ODFValidator.html ODF Validator] (a cloud-hosted version of the validator is running [https://odf-validator.rhcloud.com/ here].

=== ODF version support over time ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | ODF version
! scope="col" | Date of standard approval by OASIS
! scope="col" | First supporting version of the software
|-
| | ODF 1.0
| | 2005-05-01
| | OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 or StarOffice 7
|-
| | ODF 1.1
| | 2007-02-02
| | OpenOffice.org 2.2 or StarOffice 8 Update 4
|-
| | ODF 1.2
| | 2011-09-30
| | OpenOffice.org 3, StarOffice 9, Oracle Open Office
|-
| | ODF 1.2 (Extended)
| | -
| | OpenOffice.org 3.2 or StarOffice 9.2
|}

Taken from [https://help.libreoffice.org/Common/XML_File_Formats|LibreOffice - XML File Formats].

== Sample files ==
* [http://craphound.com/homeland/Cory_Doctorow_-_Homeland.odt Homeland by Cory Doctorow]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument|Wikipedia: OpenDocument]]
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument technical specification|Wikipedia: OpenDocument technical specification]]
* [http://www.opendocumentformat.org/ OpenDoc Society: opendocumentformat.org]
* [http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Open_Document_Format Forensic Wiki article]
* [http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Features/LibreOffice-vs.-OpenOffice LibreOffice vs OpenOffice: Comparative review]
* [http://m.theregister.co.uk/2014/01/30/uk_picks_open_document_format_for_all_government_files/ UK picks Open Document Format for all government files]
* [http://classic.slashdot.org/story/14/07/02/1349208 WebODF: JavaScript Open Document Format Editor Deemed Stable] (Slashdot discussion)
* [http://ask.libreoffice.org/en/question/648/is-it-possible-to-embed-fonts-in-a-writerimpresscalc-document/ Discussion of embedding fonts in ODF documents]

[[Category:ZIP based file formats]]
[[Category:XML based file formats]]

PNG

2015-04-22T20:49:45Z

AndyJackson: /* Links */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|png}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/png}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000153}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/13}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/12}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/11}}
|released=1996
}}
'''Portable Network Graphics''' ('''PNG''') was devised starting in a discussion on newsgroup ''comp.graphics'' in 1995, with the first version of its specification released in 1996. The motivation for its creation was to create a free and unencumbered image format in the wake of the patent issue with [[GIF]].

PNG has become a very popular graphic format, but widespread adoption on the Web was slow due to the fact that the first specification came out over a year after the Web had begun to be popular with the general public, meaning that there were many sites and browsers out there not using and supporting the new format; subsequently, browsers began to support it, but often had rendering problems which persisted even in fairly late versions years later; this caused webmasters to be slow to switch from GIF to PNG, though some are doing so now. Since the [[LZW]] patent that affected GIF is expired now, the "free format" motivation for the switch no longer applies.

Unlike GIF, PNG officially supports only still graphics, not animation. However [[APNG]], an unofficial extension of the PNG image format that retains the .png file extention does support animation. Another related format, [[MNG]], officially does support animation.

== Format ==

A PNG file consists of an 8-byte signature (hex <code>89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A</code>), followed by a sequence of "chunks". Each chunk has an 8-byte header, 4 bytes of which indicate the chunk length, and 4 bytes of which are a label indicating the type of data stored in the chunk. Each chunk also has a 4-byte trailer which stores a checksum.

== Extensions ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Chunk ID
! References
|-
|oFFs, pCAL, sCAL, gIFg, gIFx, gIFt, fRAc || Refer to [http://pmt.sourceforge.net/specs/pngext-1.2.0-pdg-h20.html Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, v1.2.0].
|-
|sTER || Refer to [ftp://ftp.simplesystems.org/pub/libpng/png/documents/pngext-1.3.0-pdg.html Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, v1.3.0].
|-
|dSIG || Refer to [ftp://ftp.simplesystems.org/pub/libpng/png/documents/pngext-1.4.0-pdg.html Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, v1.4.0], and the [http://png-dsig.sourceforge.net/ PNG dSIG website].
|-
|acTL, fcTL, fdAT || Used in [[APNG]] files.
|-
|vpAg || Used by [[ImageMagick]].
|-
|CgBI || Refer to [[CgBI]].
|}

== Related Formats ==

* [[zlib]]-style [[DEFLATE]] compression: Used to compress image and other data.
* [[CRC-32]]: Used to calculate a checksum of each chunk.
* [[ISO 8859-1]]: The character encoding used by tEXt and zTXt chunks.
* [[UTF-8]]: The character encoding used by iTXt chunks.
* [[ICC profile]]: The format used by iCCP chunks.

== Specifications ==
* [http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/ W3C PNG specification] (latest version)
** Specific versions: [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-png-961001 1996-10-01] · [http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PR-PNG-20030520/ 2003-05-20] · [http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/ 2003-11-10]
* RFC 2083: PNG Specification Version 1.0
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=29581 ISO/IEC 15948:2004] (not free to download)

== Metaformat files ==

* [https://www.synalysis.net/Grammars/png.grammar Synalysis grammar file] (for Hexinator / Synalize It!; [[Synalysis grammar file|more details]])

== Software ==
* [http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html libpng] and [http://www.zlib.net/ zlib]
* [http://coptr.digipres.org/Bad_Peggy Bad Peggy: scans images for problems]

== Sample files ==
* [http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/png-sitemap.html#images PNG Images]

== Links ==
* [http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/png.html PNG website]
* [[Wikipedia:Portable Network Graphics|Portable Network Graphics (Wikipedia)]]
* {{EGFF|png|PNG File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics_%28PNG%29 Forensics Wiki article]
* [http://imgur.com/a/MtQZv#7 PNG format mini-poster]
* [https://mattscodecave.com/posts/plaidctf-2015---corrupt-png How to repair a PNG that has suffered DOS->Unix character conversion]

PDF

2015-04-15T11:14:20Z

AndyJackson: /* Miscellaneous */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|extensions={{ext|pdf}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/pdf}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000146}}, others
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/276}}, others
}}
'''Portable Document Format''' ('''PDF''') is a document file format originally from Adobe, based on [[PostScript]]. It has many subsets.

As well as the 'full function' ISO 32000-1:2008 (or PDF 1.7), there are also PDF/X, PDF/A, PDF/E, PDF/VT and PDF/UA, all of which are ISO specifications.

PDF profiles (formalized subsets) include the following:

* PDF/A (optimized for preservation)
** PDF/A-1 (ISO 19005-1:2005)
** PDF/A-2 (ISO 19005-2:2011)
** PDF/A-3 (ISO 19005-3:2012) (extends PDF/A-2 by allowing embedded files of any type)
* PDF/E (ISO 24517-1:2008) (for engineering workflows)
* PDF/UA (ISO 14289-1) (making documents accessible through assistive technologies)
* PDF/VT (ISO 16612-2) (support for variable document printing)
* PDF/X (support for prepress graphics exchange)
** PDF/X-1 (ISO 15930-1:2001)
** PDF/X-1a (ISO 15930-4:2003)
** PDF/X-2 (ISO 15930-5:2003)
** PDF/X-3 (ISO 15930-6:2003)
* Tagged PDF

== Identifiers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! PRONOM
! LoCFDD
|-
|PDF || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000146}}
|-
|PDF 1.0 || {{PRONOM|fmt/14}} ||rowspan="4"| {{LoCFDD|fdd000316}}
|-
|PDF 1.1 || {{PRONOM|fmt/15}}
|-
|PDF 1.2 || {{PRONOM|fmt/16}}
|-
|PDF 1.3 || {{PRONOM|fmt/17}}
|-
|PDF 1.4 || {{PRONOM|fmt/18}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000122}}
|-
|PDF 1.5 || {{PRONOM|fmt/19}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000123}}
|-
|PDF 1.6 || {{PRONOM|fmt/20}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000276}}
|-
|PDF 1.7 || {{PRONOM|fmt/276}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000277}}
|-
|PDF 1.7, Ext. 3 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000313}}
|-
|PDF/A || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000318}}
|-
|PDF/A-1 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000125}}
|-
|PDF/A-1a || {{PRONOM|fmt/95}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000251}}
|-
|PDF/A-1b || {{PRONOM|fmt/354}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000252}}
|-
|PDF/A-2 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000319}}
|-
|PDF/A-2a || {{PRONOM|fmt/476}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000320}}
|-
|PDF/A-2b || {{PRONOM|fmt/477}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000322}}
|-
|PDF/A-2u || {{PRONOM|fmt/478}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000321}}
|-
|PDF/A-3a || {{PRONOM|fmt/479}} ||rowspan="3"| {{LoCFDD|fdd000360}}
|-
|PDF/A-3b || {{PRONOM|fmt/480}}
|-
|PDF/A-3u || {{PRONOM|fmt/481}}
|-
|PDF/X-1 || {{PRONOM|fmt/144}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/145}} ||rowspan="9"| {{LoCFDD|fdd000124}}
|-
|PDF/X-1a || {{PRONOM|fmt/157}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/146}}
|-
|PDF/X-2 || {{PRONOM|fmt/147}}
|-
|PDF/X-3 || {{PRONOM|fmt/158}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/148}}
|-
|PDF/X-4 || {{PRONOM|fmt/488}}
|-
|PDF/X-4p || {{PRONOM|fmt/489}}
|-
|PDF/X-5g || {{PRONOM|fmt/490}}
|-
|PDF/X-5pg || {{PRONOM|fmt/491}}
|-
|PDF/X-5n || {{PRONOM|fmt/492}}
|-
|PDF/UA-1 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000350}}
|-
|PDF/E-1 || {{PRONOM|fmt/493}}
|-
|PDF, Geospatial || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000315}}
|-
|GeoPDF 2.2 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000312}}
|}

== Identification ==
The majority of PDF files can be identified by a fixed header e.g. "%PDF-1.4", however, older documents have a number of variations.
* Some can start with "%!PS-Adobe-N.n PDF-M.m" instead, as described [http://blog.didierstevens.com/2010/01/21/quickpost-pdf-header-ps-adobe-n-n-pdf-m-m/ here].
* Since PDF 1.7, the major and minor version numbers have been fixed. i.e. the public version from Adobe after 1.7 was "1.7 Adobe Extension Level 3".
* For the PDF/A families of formats, their conformance is declared via an embedded ([[XMP]]) metadata fragment.
* Some older files from Mac OS may be wrapped up in the [[AppleSingle]]/[[AppleDouble]] formats. This is a general issue, so should perhaps be documented elsewhere. For more information, see:
** http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleSingle_and_AppleDouble_formats
** http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1740.txt

== Compression ==
Images in PDF documents may use the following compression schemes:
* [[LZW]]
* Flate ([[zlib]])
* [[Run-length encoding|RunLength]]
* CCITTFax ([[CCITT Group 3]] and [[CCITT Group 4]])
* [[JBIG2]]
* DCT ([[JPEG]])
* [[JPX]] (part of the [[JPEG 2000]] standard)

== Digital Rights Management & Encryption ==
PDF has two types of 'encryption' - it uses an 'user' password to limit the ability to open the document, and a 'creator' password to limit other rights, like printing, copying, etc. The former case, where a password is required to open the file, is the main preservation concern, as our users will not be able to open a PDF encrypted in this way (unless the password can be cracked, which may be problematic both technically and legally). However, the latter case causes problems, because the PDF is encrypted here too, but with a special known user password of "" (an empty string, which is not the same as no password). So, the document is encrypted in both cases, and you can only tell which is which by attempting to decrypt the PDF using the special default password "". Some PDF analysis tools (notably [[JHOVE]]) do not implement the relevant decryption workflow, and so cannot distinguish between the two types of encryption.

An example of the decryption test workflow can be found here: https://gist.github.com/anjackson/5237071

Some of the most locked-up PDFs anywhere can be found at the [http://ibr.ansi.org/ ANSI IBR Standards Portal], which has made certain standards documents that are incorporated into legislation available for browsing, but only through a convoluted procedure involving downloading a special plug-in and filling out a registration form that must be re-filled-out in every browsing session.

A "Protected PDF" (PPDF) format is [http://www.eweek.com/mobile/microsoft-enterprise-mobility-suite-cozies-up-to-office.html reportedly] used by Microsoft's Azure Rights Management Service for sharing files securely within a workgroup.

== Specifications ==
* [http://acroeng.adobe.com/wp/?page_id=321 Adobe PDF References] Contains links to every version of the PDF Reference published by Adobe (starting with PDF 1.0) as well as associated errata, addenda and tech notes.
* Other sources of the above documents:
** [http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification] Adobe page linking to specification for PDF 1.7 (equivalent to ISO 32000-1:2008) and two Adobe extensions that are expected to be incorporated into ISO 32000-2. These extensions include support for geospatial features and for 3-D content using [[U3D]] and [[PRC]] formats.
** [http://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive.html Adobe PDF Reference Archives.] Archive of specifications for earlier Adobe versions of PDF, starting with Version 1.3.

== Software ==
* [http://get.adobe.com/reader/ Adobe Reader] views PDF files, either as a standalone program or a browser plugin.
* [http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/products/download.html?product=firefox-19.0&os=win&lang=en-US Firefox 19.0] includes a built-in PDF reader.
* [http://source.mozillaopennews.org/en-US/articles/introducing-tabula/ Tabula: convert tabular data in PDFs to CSV]
* [http://www.mpdf1.com/mpdf/index.php mPDF: convert HTML to PDF]
* [http://en.pdf24.org/ PDF24 creator]
* [http://pdfbox.apache.org/ Apache PDFBox] is an open-source PDF library that includes a PDF/A validator
* [https://code.google.com/p/pdfium/ pdfium: Open source PDF rendering engine]
* [http://textract.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ Textract: extract text from various document formats including PDF]
* [https://github.com/pramodhkp/pdf2svg/ pdf2svg (in JavaScript)]
* [https://euske.github.io/pdfminer/programming.html Programming with PDFMiner]
* [https://github.com/friesey/preservation-tools/releases/tag/v0.1_alpha_PDFBox_Statistics PDFBox PDF/A Validator]
* [https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyPDF2/1.24 PyPDF2]

== Online utilities ==
* [http://www.pdf4kindle.com/ PDF to Kindle converter]

== Sample files ==
* [https://github.com/openplanets/format-corpus/tree/master/pdfCabinetOfHorrors PDF Cabinet of Horrors] - sample PDF files in corrupted or otherwise problematic formats
* [http://acroeng.adobe.com/wp/?page_id=10 Adobe PDF Test Suites] - various PDF test suites on Adobe Acrobat Engineering site
* [http://craphound.com/homeland/Cory_Doctorow_-_Homeland.pdf Homeland by Cory Doctorow]
* [http://www.dan.info/sampledata/msword/testing.pdf Sample document saved from Windows Word 2007]
* [https://code.google.com/p/corkami/source/browse/trunk/src/pdf/quine.pdf?spec=svn1907&r=1907 Quine PDF; contains its own TeX source]

== Links ==

=== Format info ===
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format Portable Document Format (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/PDF Forensics Wiki: PDF]
*[http://acroeng.adobe.com/wp/ Adobe Acrobat Engineering site] - Dedicated Adobe site with lots of technical information, including a history of PDF and Acrobat, conforming viewers and test files.
* [http://www.pdfa.org/2013/04/pdfa-in-a-nutshell-2_0/ PDF/A in a Nutshell 2.0 – online edition]
* [http://www.infinitepartitions.com/cgi-bin/showarticle.cgi?article=art019 Inside the PDF File Format]
* [http://imgur.com/a/PbN8H#7 PDF101 an Adobe document walkthrough]

=== Validation ===
* [http://vimeopro.com/pdfassociation/technical-conference-europe-2013/video/68945979 PDF Validation: Dream or Yawn?] - Presentation on possibilities of an open-source PDF validator
* [http://www.docdroid.net/ciex/5103a198-1.pdf.html The pitfalls of protocol design: Attempting to write a formally verified PDF parser]

=== Jailbreaking ===
* [http://scholrev.org/hackathon/ Jailbreaking the PDF hackathon]
* [http://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2013/05/28/jailbreaking-the-pdf-a-wonderful-hackathon-and-a-community-leap-forward-for-freedom-1/ Jailbreaking the PDF (discussion)]
* [http://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2013/05/28/jailbreaking-the-pdf-2-technical-aspects-glyph-processing/ Jailbreaking the PDF (technical aspects: glyph processing)]

=== Commentary ===
* [http://www.portico.org/digital-preservation/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/TheNetworkIsTheFormat.pdf The Network is the Format: PDF and the Long-term Use of Digital Content] Article by Sheila Morrissey of ITHAKA on the challenges of preserving PDF files based on experience. She illustrates the challenge of defining a "sufficient sub-graph of the network of information about a digital object, for effective future use."
* [http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2014/06/the-pdfs-place-in-a-history-of-paper-knowledge-an-interview-with-lisa-gitelman/ The PDF’s Place in a History of Paper Knowledge: An Interview with Lisa Gitelman]
*[http://wiki.opf-labs.org/display/TR/Portable+Document+Format Portable Document Format on OPF File Format Risk Registry] - Lists various long-term accessibility issues in PDF and how to detect them using Apache Preflight.
* [http://www.openplanetsfoundation.org/system/files/PDFInventoryPreservationRisks_0_2_0.pdf Adobe Portable Document Format - Inventory of long-term preservation risks] - Report by KB/ National Library of the Netherlands.
* [http://fileformats.wordpress.com/2014/06/13/abuses-pdf/ The uses and abuses of PDF]
* [http://duff-johnson.com/2014/04/07/apples-preview-still-not-safe-for-work/ Apple’s Preview: Still not safe for work]
* [http://www.niso.org/publications/isq/2013/v25no3/moore/ Preserving the Grey Literature Explosion: PDF/A and the Digital Archive]
* [http://www.pdfa.org/2014/12/ensuring-long-term-access-pdf-validation-with-jhove/ Ensuring long-term access: PDF validation with JHOVE?]
* [http://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2015/feb/11/researchers-its-time-to-ditch-the-pdf Researchers: it's time to ditch the PDF]
* [http://wiki.dpconline.org/images/5/51/PDF_Assessment_v1.2_external.pdf PDF Format Preservation Assessment (British Library)]

=== Miscellaneous ===
* [http://www.pdfa.org/ PDF/A Competence Center]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130515073645/http://libraries.stackexchange.com/questions/964/what-preservation-risks-are-associated-with-the-pdf-file-format What preservation risks are associated with the PDF file format?] - Q&A thread from Libraries and Information Sciences Stack Exchange (archived)
* [http://labs.appligent.com/files/2013/03/recognizing_malformed_pdf_f.pdf Recognizing Corrupt and Malformed PDF Files]
* [https://github.com/davetaz/mh370-data Flight MH370 data was released as a PDF, but somebody extracted it to CSV to make it more useful for data analysis.]
* [https://pdf.yt/ PDFy - free host for publicly viewable PDFs, backed up automatically to Internet Archive]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/08/05/uk-judge-says-freedom-of-information-means-choice-of-digital-file-format/ UK judge says ‘freedom of information’ means choice of digital file format]
* [http://blogs.perl.org/users/peter_martini/2014/08/the-chimera-quine-or-the-iso-pdf.html The Chimera Quine; or, the ISO PDF]
* [http://openplanetsfoundation.org/blogs/2014-08-12-coming-preserving-pdf-identify-validate-repair-hamburg PDF info/links for attendees of conference on it]
* [http://anjackson.github.io/keeping-codes/experiments/does-jhove-validate-pdfa-files Does JHOVE validate PDF/A files?]
* [http://raywoodcockslatest.wordpress.com/2014/12/04/pdf-repair/ Methods of Repairing Corrupted or Damaged PDFs]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17740175/how-do-i-dump-embedded-icc-profile-information-in-pdf-command-line-or-gui-tool/27464166#27464166 How do I dump embedded ICC profile information in PDF? (command line or GUI tools)]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27938551/how-to-check-pdf-pages-for-resolution-dpi-of-embedded-images/27942530 How to check PDF pages for resolution (DPI) of embedded images?]
* [http://chemxseer.ist.psu.edu/about/digital_library/das08-liu.pdf A Fast Preprocessing Method for Table Boundary Detection: Narrowing Down the Sparse Lines using Solely Coordinate Information]
* [https://github.com/angea/PDF101/tree/master/handcoded/textextract Why text extracting doesn't work for all PDFs]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/29342542/how-can-i-extract-a-javascript-from-a-pdf-file-with-a-command-line-tool/29364036 How can I extract a JavaScript from a PDF file with a command line tool?]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/29331731/postscript-code-to-un-hide-hidden-text-in-pdf/29334742 How to un-hide hidden text in PDF]
* [http://www.pdfa.org/2015/04/infographics-pdfua-and-wcag-2-0/ Infographics: PDF/UA and WCAG 2.0]
* [http://www.prepressure.com/pdf/basics/history The history of PDF] according to prepressure.com, a site for "prepress & print devotees".

[[Category:Page description languages]]
[[Category:Adobe]]

ISO 9660

2015-03-11T22:29:12Z

AndyJackson: Adding identifiers and software help.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Filesystem
|extensions={{ext|iso}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/x-iso9660-image}}
}}
'''ISO 9660''' is a read-only [[filesystem]] often used on [[CD-ROM|CD-ROMs]]. It is also common to encounter files containing an [[ISO image|image]] of an ISO 9660 filesystem.

== Details ==
The standard limits filenames to the DOS 8.3 style. Several extensions – [[TRANS.TBL]], [[Rock Ridge]], and [[Joliet]] – were developed to remove this restriction.

The filenames also have a VMS-style version number, so sometimes they are shown with a ";1" suffix.

The size of a file is limited to 4GB (2GB in some implementations). This is irrelevant with respect to CD-ROMs, because of their small capacity, but it is a reason to avoid using ISO 9660 on [[DVD-ROM|DVD-ROMs]] and other media. (An extension called "multiple extents" makes larger files possible, but support for it is limited.)

== Identification ==
Usually, the ASCII string "<code>CD001</code>" appears at offset 32769.

The first 32768 bytes are not used. Be aware that hybrid filesystems are possible. Just because something is a valid ISO 9660 filesystem doesn't mean it can't also be a valid filesystem of some other type.

== See also ==
* [[ISO image]]
* [[UDF]] - The successor to ISO 9660

== Software ==
=== Reading ===
* [http://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip], [http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/70738/what-is-the-fastest-way-to-extract-an-iso see here for an example]
* [http://linux.die.net/man/1/isoinfo isoinfo] can perform basic operations and some validation.
Operating systems often include drivers for ISO 9660. On Linux, an ISO 9660 image file can be mounted using a loopback driver (<code>mount -t iso9660 -o loop ...</code>).

=== Writing ===
* [http://www.cdrkit.org/ cdrkit] → genisoimage
* Countless CD burning applications

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:ISO 9660|Wikipedia: ISO 9660]]
* [[Wikipedia:TRANS.TBL|Wikipedia: TRANS.TBL]]
* [[Wikipedia:Rock Ridge|Wikipedia: Rock Ridge]]
* [[Wikipedia:Joliet_(file_system)|Wikipedia: Joliet]]

HTML

2015-02-18T13:06:35Z

AndyJackson: /* Historical information */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Markup
|extensions={{ext|html}}, {{ext|htm}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|text/html}}
|released=1990
}}
'''HTML''' ('''h'''yper'''t'''ext '''m'''arkup '''l'''anguage) is one of the three pillars of the [[Web]] as originally developed by Tim Berners-Lee, along with [[HTTP]] and [[URL]]s. It is the markup language normally used for Web documents (although many other formats can also be used for material on the Web). It originally was an [[SGML]] based markup language. XHTML is HTML redeveloped using the stricter [[XML]] rules. Disagreement over the direction of W3C developments from some of the browser vendors led to the formation of the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG). They maintain the spec for the HTML5 or HTML Next or HTML Living Standard, which is not based on SGML any more. The W3C standardisation group will work to formalise the WHATWG specification as a series of standardised [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_snapshots 'snapshots'] of the living standard. One version of this standard has been "frozen" into a W3C HTML5 recommendation as of October 28, 2014, while the ongoing "living standard" is getting regular updates as what W3C is referring to as "HTML 5.1", perhaps eventually to be frozen into another recommendation with the living standards moving on to HTML 5.2 and so on.

== Specs ==
* W3C specifications:
** [http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTMLPlus/htmlplus_1.html HTML (1) specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html-spec/ HTML 2.0 specification] (see also the [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1866 RFC])
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32 HTML 3.2 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/ HTML 4.01 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-html5-20141028/ HTML 5 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/master/ HTML 5.1 Nightly]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1 XHTML 1.0 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11 XHTML 1.1 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/landscape/ The HTML Landscape] enumerates the differences between the W3C HTML 5.0, 5.1 and the WHATWG Living Standard. The source for the landscape site is available [https://github.com/w3c/html-landscape here].
* Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) specifications:
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/ The WHATWG Wiki]
** [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/ HTML Living Standard]
** [http://blog.whatwg.org/html-is-the-new-html5 Blog post describing the background information of the living standard]
** [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/ List of all WHATWG specifications]
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_derivatives List of 'HTML derivatives' and other spin-off specifications]
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_snapshots HTML Snapshots]
** [http://html-differences.whatwg.org/ Differences from HTML 4: Living Document]
* [https://github.com/mozilla/servo/wiki/Relevant-spec-links Relevant spec links according to the Mozilla Servo project].

== HTML vs. XHTML ==

In HTML versions prior to HTML 5, there was a "fork" between HTML and XHTML, with the former being [[SGML]]-based and the latter [[XML]]-based. While the features of both are for the most part very similar, there are some syntactic differences which can trap the unwary, usually not causing any actual problems in rendering in common browsers (which are very forgiving of errors), but preventing validation. For instance, any tags not requiring a matching ending tag (e.g., <br>) need an added slash in XHTML to make them self-closing (<br />). This should not be used in HTML. There are some other differences such as HTML tags and attributes being case-insensitive so they can be entered in either uppercase or lowercase, while XHTML is case-sensitive and its standard tags are all lowercase. Some parts of the respective syntaxes won't mix and still validate as either variety, which is a problem when webmasters paste in code from diverse sources (including ad-network and affiliate links and scripts which may have terms-of-service contracts mandating that they be used in an unmodified form). However, HTML 5, which is not directly based on either SGML or XML, is more forgiving of allowing such mixed syntax; its specs say that the underlying HTML document can be expressed in either syntax, and while you're still supposed to pick one or the other, there are very forgiving parsing rules for interpreting the document.

The "forgiving" processing of mixed syntax applies only to documents served with the MIME type "text/html"; if an XML MIME type is used, browsers are supposed to be stricter in interpreting the syntax and rejecting documents which are improper or which are of a form they don't understand.

== DOCTYPE ==

HTML and XHTML documents begin with a doctype declaration, which is of a format that had a specific meaning in SGML. Browsers and validators could recognize different doctypes to determine which version of HTML was being used, and browsers sometimes changed between "standards" and "quirks" parsing modes based on the doctype. HTML 5, since it was intended as a "living standard" and was no longer based on SGML, used a mimimalist doctype <code><!doctype html></code> designed to trigger standards mode in all browsers, but no longer giving any indication of which specific variety of HTML5 (and up) is in use.

== Nonstandard extensions ==

The formal specs, of course, do not fully describe the HTML documents in use in the "real world", as quite a number of nonstandard elements, attributes, and other extensions have been implemented in various browsers (including the most popular ones), and also, browsers have tended to be very forgiving of invalid markup, leading to lots of sloppy coding being widespread because "it works in [name of popular browser], so that's all that matters!"

In 2013, the Mozilla organization announced the removal of support for the nonstandard BLINK element, supported in various browsers since being introduced in the 1990s as a Netscape extension, and persisting despite widespread belief that it was annoying. New versions of Firefox and other Gecko-based browsers no longer flash text that is enclosed in this element, as well as in various [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] rules suggesting blinking or flashing.

== Software ==

=== Viewers ===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_browsers Wikipedia's timeline of web browsers]
* [http://browsers.evolt.org/ The Evolt Browser Archive]
* [http://arc.opera.com/pub/opera/ Opera public downloads]

=== Validators ===
* [http://validator.w3.org/ W3C HTML validator]
* [https://github.com/validator/validator.github.io Command-line-based validator]

=== Conversions to/from HTML ===
* [http://www.mpdf1.com/mpdf/index.php mPDF: convert HTML to PDF]
* [http://textract.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ Textract: extract text from various document formats including HTML]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1403087/how-can-i-convert-an-html-table-to-csv Discussion on converting HTML tables to CSV]
* [http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/ Pandoc: Document format conversion swiss-army knife]

== Test suites ==
* [https://github.com/w3c/html-testsuite/ HTML test suite]

== Historical information ==
* [http://www.w3.org/community/webhistory/ W3C Web History Community Group]
* [http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JanFeb/0000.html Tim Berners-Lee discusses Web protocols/formats in Jan 1992]
* [http://diveintohtml5.info/past.html Dive into HTML5 - How did we get here?] also documents how HTML has developed.
* [http://www.the-pope.com/lostHTML.htm The Lost Tags of HTML], documenting early HTML versions and the tags that have been dropped from the standards.
* [http://www.montulli.org/theoriginofthe%3Cblink%3Etag The Origins of the <Blink> Tag]
* [http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web CERN's 'The birth of the web']. Includes work on restoring the first website and building a line-mode/terminal web browser simulation.
* [http://zachholman.com/posts/only-90s-developers/ Only 90s Web Developers Remember This]
* [http://w3c.github.io/elements-of-html/ List of HTML/XHTML elements past and present]
* [http://blog.foolip.org/2014/07/21/history-of-the-fullscreen-api/ History of the Fullscreen API]
* [http://ericsink.com/Browser_Wars.html Memoirs From the Browser Wars]

== Other resources ==
* [http://mrcoles.com/demo/markdown-css/ Markdown CSS: makes HTML look like plain text]
* [https://www.eff.org/press/releases/eff-makes-formal-objection-drm-html5 EFF Makes Formal Objection to DRM in HTML5]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/10/02/w3c-green-lights-adding-drm-to.html W3C green-lights adding DRM to the Web's standards, says it's OK for your browser to say "I can't let you do that, Dave"]
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=923590 Bug 923590 - Pledge never to implement HTML5 DRM (Bugzilla@Mozilla)]
* [http://programming.oreilly.com/2013/04/stop-standardizing-html.html Stop standardizing HTML]
* [http://bridgeit.mobi/ BridgeIt: JavaScript library to add native mobile features to HTML 5 web apps]
* [http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-1-10-americans-html-std-study-finds-20140304,0,1188415.story 1 in 10 Americans think HTML is an STD, study finds]
* [http://darobin.github.io/after5/ After 5: The future of HTML]
* [http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920021049.do What Is HTML5? (free e-book)]

[[Category:Web]]
[[Category:W3C]]

OpenDocument

2014-11-25T19:57:45Z

AndyJackson: /* Software */ Notes on supported ODF versions over time.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/135}}, others
|extensions={{ext|odm}}, {{ext|odt}}, {{ext|ods}}, {{ext|odg}}, {{ext|odp}}, {{ext|odc}}, {{ext|odi}}, {{ext|odf}}, {{ext|odb}}, {{ext|ott}}, {{ext|ots}}, {{ext|otg}}, {{ext|otp}}, {{ext|otc}}, {{ext|oti}}, {{ext|otf}}, {{ext|oth}}, {{ext|fodt}}, {{ext|fods}}, {{ext|fodg}}, {{ext|fodp}}
|released=2005
}}
'''OpenDocument''', also known as '''Open Document Format for Office Applications''' or '''ODF''', is a family of file formats designed to be used by word processors, spreadsheet applications, and other office applications. These formats were developed by a group called OASIS, so they are sometimes referred to as "OASIS format" or "OASIS Open Document Format".

== Formats ==
=== Documents ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
! PRONOM
|-
|[[OpenDocument Text]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.tex}}
|.odt, .fodt
|{{PRONOM|fmt/136}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/290}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/291}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Spreadsheet]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet}}
|.ods, .fods
|{{PRONOM|fmt/137}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/294}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/295}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Drawing]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics}}
|.odg, .fodg
|{{PRONOM|fmt/139}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/296}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/297}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Presentation]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation}}
|.odp, .fodp
|{{PRONOM|fmt/138}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/292}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/293}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Chart]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart}}
|.odc
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Image]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image}}
|.odi
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Formula]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula}}
|.odf
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Database|OpenDocument Database Front End]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.base}}<br>{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database}}
|.odb
|{{PRONOM|fmt/140}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/444}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/424}}
|}

=== Templates ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
|-
|[[OpenDocument Text Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template}}
|.ott
|-
|[[OpenDocument Spreadsheet Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template}}
|.ots
|-
|[[OpenDocument Drawing Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphic-template}}
|.otg
|-
|[[OpenDocument Presentation Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template}}
|.otp
|-
|[[OpenDocument Chart Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template}}
|.otc
|-
|[[OpenDocument Image Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template}}
|.oti
|-
|[[OpenDocument Formula Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template}}
|.otf
|-
|[[OpenDocument HTML Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web}}
|.oth
|}

=== Other ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
|-
|Global Text Document
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master}}
|.odm
|}

== Identification ==
In most cases, OpenDocument files begin with the ASCII string "<code>PK</code>", have "<code>mimetype</code>" at offset 30, and "<code>application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.</code>" at offset 38.

== Specifications ==
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.0 OpenDocument v1.0 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.1 OpenDocument v1.1 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.2 OpenDocument v1.2 specification]

== Software ==
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument software|Wikipedia: OpenDocument software]]
* [[Wikipedia:Comparison of OpenDocument software|Wikipedia: Comparison of OpenDocument software]]
* [http://webodf.org/ WebODF]
* [http://sourceforge.net/p/libwpd/wiki/libodfgen/ libodfgen library]

=== ODF version support over time ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | ODF version
! scope="col" | Date of standard approval by OASIS
! scope="col" | First supporting version of the software
|-
| | ODF 1.0
| | 2005-05-01
| | OpenOffice.org 1.1.5 or StarOffice 7
|-
| | ODF 1.1
| | 2007-02-02
| | OpenOffice.org 2.2 or StarOffice 8 Update 4
|-
| | ODF 1.2
| | 2011-09-30
| | OpenOffice.org 3, StarOffice 9, Oracle Open Office
|-
| | ODF 1.2 (Extended)
| | -
| | OpenOffice.org 3.2 or StarOffice 9.2
|}

Taken from [https://help.libreoffice.org/Common/XML_File_Formats|LibreOffice - XML File Formats].

== Sample files ==
* [http://craphound.com/homeland/Cory_Doctorow_-_Homeland.odt Homeland by Cory Doctorow]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument|Wikipedia: OpenDocument]]
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument technical specification|Wikipedia: OpenDocument technical specification]]
* [http://www.opendocumentformat.org/ OpenDoc Society: opendocumentformat.org]
* [http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Open_Document_Format Forensic Wiki article]
* [http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Features/LibreOffice-vs.-OpenOffice LibreOffice vs OpenOffice: Comparative review]
* [http://m.theregister.co.uk/2014/01/30/uk_picks_open_document_format_for_all_government_files/ UK picks Open Document Format for all government files]
* [http://classic.slashdot.org/story/14/07/02/1349208 WebODF: JavaScript Open Document Format Editor Deemed Stable] (Slashdot discussion)
* [http://ask.libreoffice.org/en/question/648/is-it-possible-to-embed-fonts-in-a-writerimpresscalc-document/ Discussion of embedding fonts in ODF documents]

[[Category:ZIP based file formats]]
[[Category:XML based file formats]]

OpenDocument

2014-11-22T13:39:50Z

AndyJackson: Fixed broken MIME type picked up via digipres.org sentinel scan.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Document
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/135}}, others
|extensions={{ext|odm}}, {{ext|odt}}, {{ext|ods}}, {{ext|odg}}, {{ext|odp}}, {{ext|odc}}, {{ext|odi}}, {{ext|odf}}, {{ext|odb}}, {{ext|ott}}, {{ext|ots}}, {{ext|otg}}, {{ext|otp}}, {{ext|otc}}, {{ext|oti}}, {{ext|otf}}, {{ext|oth}}, {{ext|fodt}}, {{ext|fods}}, {{ext|fodg}}, {{ext|fodp}}
|released=2005
}}
'''OpenDocument''', also known as '''Open Document Format for Office Applications''' or '''ODF''', is a family of file formats designed to be used by word processors, spreadsheet applications, and other office applications. These formats were developed by a group called OASIS, so they are sometimes referred to as "OASIS format" or "OASIS Open Document Format".

== Formats ==
=== Documents ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
! PRONOM
|-
|[[OpenDocument Text]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.tex}}
|.odt, .fodt
|{{PRONOM|fmt/136}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/290}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/291}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Spreadsheet]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet}}
|.ods, .fods
|{{PRONOM|fmt/137}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/294}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/295}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Drawing]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics}}
|.odg, .fodg
|{{PRONOM|fmt/139}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/296}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/297}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Presentation]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation}}
|.odp, .fodp
|{{PRONOM|fmt/138}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/292}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/293}}
|-
|[[OpenDocument Chart]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart}}
|.odc
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Image]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image}}
|.odi
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Formula]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula}}
|.odf
|
|-
|[[OpenDocument Database|OpenDocument Database Front End]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.base}}<br>{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.database}}
|.odb
|{{PRONOM|fmt/140}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/444}}, {{PRONOM|fmt/424}}
|}

=== Templates ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
|-
|[[OpenDocument Text Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-template}}
|.ott
|-
|[[OpenDocument Spreadsheet Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet-template}}
|.ots
|-
|[[OpenDocument Drawing Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphic-template}}
|.otg
|-
|[[OpenDocument Presentation Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation-template}}
|.otp
|-
|[[OpenDocument Chart Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.chart-template}}
|.otc
|-
|[[OpenDocument Image Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.image-template}}
|.oti
|-
|[[OpenDocument Formula Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.formula-template}}
|.otf
|-
|[[OpenDocument HTML Template]]
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-web}}
|.oth
|}

=== Other ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! MIME type
! Extension
|-
|Global Text Document
|{{mimetype|application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text-master}}
|.odm
|}

== Identification ==
In most cases, OpenDocument files begin with the ASCII string "<code>PK</code>", have "<code>mimetype</code>" at offset 30, and "<code>application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.</code>" at offset 38.

== Specifications ==
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.0 OpenDocument v1.0 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.1 OpenDocument v1.1 specification]
* [https://www.oasis-open.org/standards#opendocumentv1.2 OpenDocument v1.2 specification]

== Software ==
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument software|Wikipedia: OpenDocument software]]
* [[Wikipedia:Comparison of OpenDocument software|Wikipedia: Comparison of OpenDocument software]]
* [http://webodf.org/ WebODF]

== Sample files ==
* [http://craphound.com/homeland/Cory_Doctorow_-_Homeland.odt Homeland by Cory Doctorow]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument|Wikipedia: OpenDocument]]
* [[Wikipedia:OpenDocument technical specification|Wikipedia: OpenDocument technical specification]]
* [http://www.opendocumentformat.org/ OpenDoc Society: opendocumentformat.org]
* [http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Open_Document_Format Forensic Wiki article]
* [http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/Features/LibreOffice-vs.-OpenOffice LibreOffice vs OpenOffice: Comparative review]
* [http://m.theregister.co.uk/2014/01/30/uk_picks_open_document_format_for_all_government_files/ UK picks Open Document Format for all government files]
* [http://classic.slashdot.org/story/14/07/02/1349208 WebODF: JavaScript Open Document Format Editor Deemed Stable] (Slashdot discussion)

[[Category:ZIP based file formats]]
[[Category:XML based file formats]]

F4M

2014-11-14T22:29:24Z

AndyJackson: Initial entry for the Flash Media Manifest format.

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Video
|extensions={{ext|f4m}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/f4m}}
|locfdd=
|pronom=
}}

The Flash Media Manifest format is used to describe streaming media presentations to media player applications.

== Identification ==

== Specifications ==
* [http://wwwimages.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/hds/pdfs/adobe-media-manifest-specification.pdf Flash® Media Manifest (F4M) Format Specification Version 3.0 FINAL]

== Software ==

== Sample files ==

== Links ==
* See also [[SWF]]

[[Category:Adobe]]

Unicode

2014-10-27T11:34:35Z

AndyJackson: /* Code charts and references */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Character Encodings
|released=1991
}}
'''Unicode''' is a standard ''character set'': an assignment of numeric values to characters. A huge number of characters from various [[Written Languages|writing systems]] (modern or ancient), as well as special symbols of many types, are each given a number. It was devised beginning in 1987, with the first version published in 1991. Subsequent revisions have continually expanded its character repertoire.

Unicode was developed in reaction to the unwieldy multiplicity of character sets that had arisen to include various subsets of the many characters left out of the English-centric [[ASCII]] set. It has been successful to the point where just about all technical standards dealing with characters now are defined in terms of Unicode, with even the older proprietary encodings cross-referenced to the Unicode characters they encode.

The Unicode character set is defined in ISO-10646. The Unicode standard takes the character set from ISO-10646, and adds standard algorithms and rules for how to use it. For example, it defines rules about character composition with separate diacritical elements and left-to-right vs. right-to-left character positioning, so things can get a bit more complex than just converting a series of numbers into characters.

The term ''character'' is ambiguous, and Unicode encodes many things that are arguably not characters, so the term ''code point'' is often used instead. ''Code point'' technically refers to the numeric value, but in practice it also refers to the entity encoded by that value.

The standard way to denote a Unicode code point is to prefix it with "U+", and write the number in hexadecimal, with a minimum of four hex digits. For example, code point 42 is written as U+002A, and code point 1,114,109 is U+10FFFD.

Each code point is also assigned a human-readable name, which may be written after the "U+" notation. For example, you might see "U+002A ASTERISK" or "U+03A9 GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA".

== Details ==
Early versions of Unicode attempted to be a 16-bit character encoding where characters in a potential repertoire of 65,536 code points could be represented as 16-bit (2-byte) unsigned integers. The [[Endianness|"big-endian vs. little-endian"]] problem caused there to be two possible byte streams corresponding to a particular document, but the [[Byte Order Mark]] character could be used to distinguish them.

Later versions of Unicode expanded the potential number of code points (to a range of 0 to 1,114,111), so that even 16 bits weren't enough to encode all possible characters.

Unicode is sometimes described as consisting of 17 ''planes'' of 65,536 code points each, with plane 0 ranging from U+0000 to U+FFFF, plane 1 ranging from U+10000 to U+1FFFF, and so on. Plane 0 is known as the ''Basic Multilingual Plane'' or ''BMP'', and an attempt is made to place the most important characters in it.

The first 128 Unicode code points, 0-127, correspond to the same code points in ASCII (including both printable characters and the [[C0 controls]]). The next 128, 128-255, correspond to the same points in [[ISO 8859-1]] (including the [[C1 controls]]), which in turn contains the same characters at 0-127 as ASCII, so the entire first 256 characters in Unicode are equivalent to that standard.

== Encodings ==
Once numbers are assigned to characters, they can be encoded as sequences of bytes in various ways, as defined in the specifications of particular character encodings.

The most common Unicode encodings are [[UTF-8]], [[UTF-16]], and [[UTF-32]]. See [[Character Encodings]] for a longer list.

There is no encoding named simply "Unicode". If a format specification says that text is encoded in "Unicode", it probably means [[UTF-16]] or [[UCS-2]]. If the document is related to Microsoft Windows, it probably means UTF-16LE.

== Notes ==
And if you think Unicode is full of crap, you've got some support with [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1f4a9/index.htm this character] (U+1F4A9, "Pile of Poo").

== Code charts and references ==
* [http://www.unicode.org/ Unicode official site] -- has lots of standards documents and code charts
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters Wikipedia list of Unicode Characters]
* [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/ ConScript Unicode Registry]: an unofficial registry for Private Use Area blocks used for constructed scripts (e.g., Klingon), not part of the official Unicode standard
* [http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/miscellaneous_symbols.html Miscellaneous symbols in Unicode]
* [http://unicodeheart.com/ Unicode heart] -- if you're looking for all the heart characters in Unicode
* [http://seriot.ch/resources/talks_papers/i_love_unicode_softshake.pdf I <?> Unicode] - a detailed and useful presentation describing Unicode and the challenges around it.

== Tools ==
* [http://unicodelookup.com/ Unicode character lookup]
* [http://www.unicodetools.com/ Unicode tools]
* [http://shapecatcher.com/ Shapecatcher] - Site for finding unicode characters by drawing them
* [http://rishida.net/tools/conversion/ Tool for converting Unicode into other character formats such as UTF-8, HTML, etc.]
* [http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm Unicode search at Fileformat.Info]

== Other links ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Wikipedia entry on Unicode]
* [http://babelstone.blogspot.co.uk/2013/10/whats-new-in-unicode-70.html What's new in Unicode 7.0?]
* [http://www.unicode.org/versions/beta-7.0.0.html Unicode 7.0 beta]
* [https://plus.google.com/109925364564856140495/posts Fake Unicode Consortium]
* [http://parkerhiggins.net/2013/01/writing-the-prince-symbol-in-unicode/ Writing the Prince symbol in Unicode]

HTTP

2014-10-22T18:14:40Z

AndyJackson: /* Links */ Added a link on compression and the web.

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Web
|released=1991
}}
[[HTTP]] (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a basic protocol of the World Wide Web, and was one of the original three pillars of the Web as invented by Tim Berners-Lee (the others being [[URL]]s and [[HTML]]). It consists of a set of standards by which user agents (browsers, indexing robots, etc.) make requests consisting of headers in plain text (and possibly form values and file uploads in various formats) and receive responses including plain-text response headers and content from the Web in a format designated by the [[Mime-type]] header.

HTTPS is a secure variant of HTTP which adds [[SSL]] encryption.

== Specifications ==
* RFC 7230: Message Syntax and Routing
* RFC 7231: Semantics and Content
* RFC 7232: Conditional Requests
* RFC 7233: Range Requests
* RFC 7234: Caching
* RFC 7235: Authentication
* RFC 2617: Basic and Digest Access Authentication
* RFC 2817: Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1
* RFC 2818: HTTP Over TLS
* RFC 2616 (Obsolete; HTTP 1.1; 1999)
* RFC 2068 (Obsolete; HTTP 1.1; 1997)
* [http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/AsImplemented.html HTML 0.9 as implemented (W3C)]

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Hypertext Transfer Protocol|Wikipedia article]]
* [http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00 SPDY proposal] (proposed faster HTTP)
* [http://www.451unavailable.org/ 451 Unavailable proposed error response for sites blocked by legal action]
* [http://httpstatusdogs.com/ HTTP status codes represented by dogs]
* [http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ieinternals/archive/2014/10/21/http-compression-optimize-file-formats-with-deflate.aspx Compressing the web] on how compression is used over HTTP.

[[Category:W3C]]

Physical File Formats

2014-10-20T20:57:36Z

AndyJackson: Added Mediapedia link.

{|
|[[File Formats]]
| >
|[[Physical File Formats]]
|}
__NOTOC__
Like the rest, this will be split down further.

One of the first steps in preserving data held on physical media is the correct identification of the medium. See [[Identifying Physical Media]] for more information on this.

=== Traditional ===
* [[Clay tablets]]
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Construction toys]]
* [[Paper]]
* [[Papyrus]]
* [[Parchment]]
* [[Quipu]]
* [[Stone carving]]

=== Capacitive ===
* [[Capacitance Electronic Disc]] (CED)
* [[Video High Density]] (VHD)

=== Electronical ===
* [[Cables and connectors]]
* [[Core rope memory]]
* [[Flash memory]]
** [[Secure Digital]] (SD, MiniSD, MicroSD)
** [[Thumb drive]]
* [[Game cartridges]]
* [[Keyless entry systems]]
* [[Networked devices]]
* [[Quantum computer]]
* [[Random Access Memory]] (RAM)
* [[Read Only Memory]] (ROM chip)
* [[SIM card]]
* [[Smart card]]
** [[Contactless smart card]]
* [[Transponder]]

=== Magnetic ===
* [[Disk cartridge]]
* [[Drum memory]]
* [[Floppy disk]]
* [[Hard disk]]
* [[Magnetic stripe card]]
* [[Magnetic tape]] (audio cassettes, video cassettes, reel-to-reel, etc.)
* [[Magneto-optical drive]]
* [[Wire recording]]

=== Mechanical ===
==== Groove media ====
* [[Dictabelt]]
* [[Gramophone record]]
* [[Phonograph cylinder]]
* [[Television Electronic Disc]]
* [[Talking tape]]

==== Point based media ====
* [[Music box]]
* [[Piano Rolls]]
* [[Punched card]]
* [[Punched tape]]

=== Optical ===

==== Disc media ====

* [[Magneto-optical drive]]
* [[Optical Discs]] (CD, DVD, BluRay, etc.)

==== Photography and Projection ====

* [[Holography]]
* [[Microform]]
* [[Photographic film]]
* [[Photographic paper]]
* [[Photographic plate]]
* [[Transparency (projection)]]
* [[X-ray]]

==== Other ====

* [[Bar codes]]
* [[Drexon Laser Card]]
* [[Optical mark recognition]]
* [[Phonautogram]] (phonautograph tracing)

== External links ==
* [http://boingboing.net/2012/11/06/we-retro-media-vinyl.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter We ❤ Retro Media: Vinyl, VHS, Tapes & Film (Video)]
* [http://www.transdiffusion.org/tv/baird/vrdawn Some videodisc formats from before you thought such a thing existed]
* [http://boingboing.net/2010/06/09/gallery-digitizing-t.html Gallery: Digitizing the past and present at the Library of Congress]
* [http://reason.com/archives/2013/11/04/the-death-of-the-age-of-stuff/print The Death of the Age of Stuff (comic)]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/11/05/programmable-19th-century-6.html 240-year-old programmable automaton]
* [http://www.101funs.com/possibly-the-most-valuable-picture-i-have-ever-right-clicked-save-asd/ Computer Hardware Chart]
* [http://life.time.com/culture/knowledge-box-photos-of-an-early-analog-wikipedia/#1 The ‘Knowledge Box’: Picture an Early, Trippy, Analog Wikipedia in 3-D]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/02/01/multimeters-considered-helpful.html Multimeters considered helpful (for servicing electronics)]
* [http://jimgoldenstudio.com/Portfolio/Relics-of-Technology/1/ Relics of Technology photo series]
* [http://www.obsoletemedia.org/ Museum of Obsolete Media]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/06/16/using-technology-to-make-old-s.html Using technology to make old songs sing again]
* [http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-07/28/liquid-hard-drives Liquid hard drive could store 1TB data in a tablespoon]
* [http://mediapedia.nla.gov.au/ Mediapedia] - The Mediapedia is prototype web-based resource intended to enable the physical identification of various media carrier types.

[[Category:Physical File Formats| ]]

HTML

2014-10-15T18:02:26Z

AndyJackson: Brought the software together under one heading, and added links to browser information and software.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Markup
|extensions={{ext|html}}, {{ext|htm}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|text/html}}
|released=1990
}}
'''HTML''' ('''h'''yper'''t'''ext '''m'''arkup '''l'''anguage) originally was an [[SGML]] based markup language. XHTML is HTML redeveloped using the stricter [[XML]] rules. Disagreement over the direction of W3C developments from some of the browser vendors led to the formation of the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG). They maintain the spec for the HTML5 or HTML Next or HTML Living Standard, which is not based on SGML any more. The W3C standardisation group will work to formalise the WHATWG specification as a series of standardised [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_snapshots 'snapshots'] of the living standard. One version of this standard is in the process of being "frozen" into a W3C HTML5 recommendation, while the ongoing "living standard" is getting regular updates as what W3C is referring to as "HTML 5.1", perhaps eventually to be frozen into another recommendation with the living standards moving on to HTML 5.2 and so on.

== Specs ==
* W3C specifications:
** [http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTMLPlus/htmlplus_1.html HTML (1) specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html-spec/ HTML 2.0 specification] (see also the [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1866 RFC])
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32 HTML 3.2 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/ HTML 4.01 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/ HTML5 working draft]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/CR/ HTML5 editor's draft]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/master/ HTML 5.1 Nightly]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1 XHTML 1.0 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11 XHTML 1.1 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/landscape/ The HTML Landscape] enumerates the differences between the W3C HTML 5.0, 5.1 and the WHATWG Living Standard. The source for the landscape site is available [https://github.com/w3c/html-landscape here].
* Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) specifications:
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/ The WHATWG Wiki]
** [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/ HTML Living Standard]
** [http://blog.whatwg.org/html-is-the-new-html5 Blog post describing the background information of the living standard]
** [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/ List of all WHATWG specifications]
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_derivatives List of 'HTML derivatives' and other spin-off specifications]
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_snapshots HTML Snapshots]
** [http://html-differences.whatwg.org/ Differences from HTML 4: Living Document]
* [https://github.com/mozilla/servo/wiki/Relevant-spec-links Relevant spec links according to the Mozilla Servo project].

== HTML vs. XHTML ==

In HTML versions prior to HTML 5, there was a "fork" between HTML and XHTML, with the former being [[SGML]]-based and the latter [[XML]]-based. While the features of both are for the most part very similar, there are some syntactic differences which can trap the unwary, usually not causing any actual problems in rendering in common browsers (which are very forgiving of errors), but preventing validation. For instance, any tags not requiring a matching ending tag (e.g., <br>) need an added slash in XHTML to make them self-closing (<br />). This should not be used in HTML. There are some other differences such as HTML tags and attributes being case-insensitive so they can be entered in either uppercase or lowercase, while XHTML is case-sensitive and its standard tags are all lowercase. Some parts of the respective syntaxes won't mix and still validate as either variety, which is a problem when webmasters paste in code from diverse sources (including ad-network and affiliate links and scripts which may have terms-of-service contracts mandating that they be used in an unmodified form). However, HTML 5, which is not directly based on either SGML or XML, is more forgiving of allowing such mixed syntax; its specs say that the underlying HTML document can be expressed in either syntax, and while you're still supposed to pick one or the other, there are very forgiving parsing rules for interpreting the document.

The "forgiving" processing of mixed syntax applies only to documents served with the MIME type "text/html"; if an XML MIME type is used, browsers are supposed to be stricter in interpreting the syntax and rejecting documents which are improper or which are of a form they don't understand.

== DOCTYPE ==

HTML and XHTML documents begin with a doctype declaration, which is of a format that had a specific meaning in SGML. Browsers and validators could recognize different doctypes to determine which version of HTML was being used, and browsers sometimes changed between "standards" and "quirks" parsing modes based on the doctype. HTML 5, since it was intended as a "living standard" and was no longer based on SGML, used a mimimalist doctype <code><!doctype html></code> designed to trigger standards mode in all browsers, but no longer giving any indication of which specific variety of HTML5 (and up) is in use.

== Nonstandard extensions ==

The formal specs, of course, do not fully describe the HTML documents in use in the "real world", as quite a number of nonstandard elements, attributes, and other extensions have been implemented in various browsers (including the most popular ones), and also, browsers have tended to be very forgiving of invalid markup, leading to lots of sloppy coding being widespread because "it works in [name of popular browser], so that's all that matters!"

In 2013, the Mozilla organization announced the removal of support for the nonstandard BLINK element, supported in various browsers since being introduced in the 1990s as a Netscape extension, and persisting despite widespread belief that it was annoying. New versions of Firefox and other Gecko-based browsers no longer flash text that is enclosed in this element, as well as in various [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] rules suggesting blinking or flashing.

== Software ==

=== Viewers ===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_browsers Wikipedia's timeline of web browsers]
* [http://browsers.evolt.org/ The Evolt Browser Archive]
* [http://arc.opera.com/pub/opera/ Opera public downloads]

=== Validators ===
* [http://validator.w3.org/ W3C HTML validator]
* [https://github.com/validator/validator.github.io Command-line-based validator]

=== Conversions to/from HTML ===
* [http://www.mpdf1.com/mpdf/index.php mPDF: convert HTML to PDF]
* [http://textract.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ Textract: extract text from various document formats including HTML]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1403087/how-can-i-convert-an-html-table-to-csv Discussion on converting HTML tables to CSV]
* [http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/ Pandoc: Document format conversion swiss-army knife]

== Test suites ==
* [https://github.com/w3c/html-testsuite/ HTML test suite]

== Historical information ==
* [http://www.w3.org/community/webhistory/ W3C Web History Community Group]
* [http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JanFeb/0000.html Tim Berners-Lee discusses Web protocols/formats in Jan 1992]
* [http://diveintohtml5.info/past.html Dive into HTML5 - How did we get here?] also documents how HTML has developed.
* [http://www.the-pope.com/lostHTML.htm The Lost Tags of HTML], documenting early HTML versions and the tags that have been dropped from the standards.
* [http://www.montulli.org/theoriginofthe%3Cblink%3Etag The Origins of the <Blink> Tag]
* [http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web CERN's 'The birth of the web']. Includes work on restoring the first website and building a line-mode/terminal web browser simulation.
* [http://zachholman.com/posts/only-90s-developers/ Only 90s Web Developers Remember This]
* [http://w3c.github.io/elements-of-html/ List of HTML/XHTML elements past and present]
* [http://blog.foolip.org/2014/07/21/history-of-the-fullscreen-api/ History of the Fullscreen API]

== Other resources ==
* [http://mrcoles.com/demo/markdown-css/ Markdown CSS: makes HTML look like plain text]
* [https://www.eff.org/press/releases/eff-makes-formal-objection-drm-html5 EFF Makes Formal Objection to DRM in HTML5]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/10/02/w3c-green-lights-adding-drm-to.html W3C green-lights adding DRM to the Web's standards, says it's OK for your browser to say "I can't let you do that, Dave"]
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=923590 Bug 923590 - Pledge never to implement HTML5 DRM (Bugzilla@Mozilla)]
* [http://programming.oreilly.com/2013/04/stop-standardizing-html.html Stop standardizing HTML]
* [http://bridgeit.mobi/ BridgeIt: JavaScript library to add native mobile features to HTML 5 web apps]
* [http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-1-10-americans-html-std-study-finds-20140304,0,1188415.story 1 in 10 Americans think HTML is an STD, study finds]
* [http://darobin.github.io/after5/ After 5: The future of HTML]

[[Category:Web]]
[[Category:W3C]]

SVX

2014-10-02T08:41:30Z

AndyJackson: /* Example Manifest */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=3D and CAD/CAM Models
|extensions={{ext|svx}}
}}
'''SVX''' is voxel-based 3D modelling format created by [http://www.shapeways.com/ Shapeways], to enable the upload of voxel-based models for 3D printing.

== Identification ==
An SVX file is a ZIP file containing a sequence of images and a <tt>manifest.xml</tt> file. This structure, and the manifest itself, can be used to identify the format.

=== Example Manifest ===
This is an example manifest file, taken from the specification.

<pre>
<?xml version="1.0"?>

<grid gridSizeX="256" gridSizeY="256" gridSizeZ="256" voxelSize="0.0001" subvoxelBits="8"
slicesOrientation="Y" >

<channels>
<channel type="DENSITY" bits="8" slices="density/slice%04d.png" />
</channels>

<materials>
<material id="1" urn="urn:shapeways:materials/1" />
</materials>

<metadata>
<entry key="author" value="Alan Hudson" />
<entry key="creationDate" value="2014/09/12" />
</metadata>
</grid>
</pre>

== Specs ==
* [http://abfab3d.com/svx-format/ SVX format specification] (license not stable yet, but expected to be open).

== Other links ==
* [http://3dprint.com/17294/shapeways-svx-file-voxel/ Shapeways Announces New Pricing Scheme, and Creates Voxel Based SVX File Format]

SVX

2014-10-02T08:41:01Z

AndyJackson: Added initial SVX format entry

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=3D and CAD/CAM Models
|extensions={{ext|svx}}
}}
'''SVX''' is voxel-based 3D modelling format created by [http://www.shapeways.com/ Shapeways], to enable the upload of voxel-based models for 3D printing.

== Identification ==
An SVX file is a ZIP file containing a sequence of images and a <tt>manifest.xml</tt> file. This structure, and the manifest itself, can be used to identify the format.

=== Example Manifest ===
<pre>
<?xml version="1.0"?>

<grid gridSizeX="256" gridSizeY="256" gridSizeZ="256" voxelSize="0.0001" subvoxelBits="8"
slicesOrientation="Y" >

<channels>
<channel type="DENSITY" bits="8" slices="density/slice%04d.png" />
</channels>

<materials>
<material id="1" urn="urn:shapeways:materials/1" />
</materials>

<metadata>
<entry key="author" value="Alan Hudson" />
<entry key="creationDate" value="2014/09/12" />
</metadata>
</grid>
</pre>

== Specs ==
* [http://abfab3d.com/svx-format/ SVX format specification] (license not stable yet, but expected to be open).

== Other links ==
* [http://3dprint.com/17294/shapeways-svx-file-voxel/ Shapeways Announces New Pricing Scheme, and Creates Voxel Based SVX File Format]

3D and CAD/CAM Models

2014-10-02T08:32:21Z

AndyJackson: /* 3D Modeling */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|thiscat=3D and CAD/CAM Models
|image=Abstract-wooden-3d-cubes.jpg
}}

== 3D Modeling ==
* [[3DM]] - OpenNURBS Initiative 3D Model (used by Rhinoceros 3D) (.3dm)
* [[3DMF]] - QuickDraw 3D Metafile (.3dmf)
* [[3DS]] - Legacy 3D Studio Model (.3ds)
* [[AC3D Model]] (.ac)
* [[Adobe PRC]] (embedded in PDF files)
* [[AMF]] - Additive Manufacturing File Format
* [[AN8]] - Anim8or Model (.an8)
* [[AOI]] - Art of Illusion Model (.aoi)
* [[B3D]] - Blitz3D Model (.b3d)
* [[BLEND]] - Blender (.blend)
* [[BLOCK]] - Blender encrypted blend files (.block)
* [[BRL-CAD geometry]] (.g)
* [[C4D]] - Cinema 4D (.c4d)
* [[Cal3D]] - Cal3D (.cal3d)
* [[CCP4]] - X-ray crystallography voxels (electron density)
* [[CFL]] - Compressed File Library (.cfl)
* [[COB]] - Caligari Object (.cob)
* [[CORE3D]] - Coreona 3D Coreona 3D Virtual File(.core3d)
* [[CTM]] - OpenCTM (.ctm)
* [[DAE]] - COLLADA (.dae)
* [[DFF]] - RenderWare binary stream, commonly used by Grand Theft Auto III-era games as well as other RenderWare titles
* [[DKBTrace scene description]] - DKB Ray Tracer (.dat)
* [[Doré Raster]]
* [[DPM]] - deepMesh (.dpm)
* [[DTS]] - Torque Game Engine (.dts)
* [[EGG]] - Panda3D Engine
* [[FACT]] - Electric Image (.fac)
* [[FBX]] - Autodesk FBX (.fbx)
* [[GLM]] - Ghoul Mesh (.glm)
* [[Imagine Object File]] (Variety of FORM [[TDDD]])
* [[Imagine Texture File]]
* [[JAS]] - Cheetah 3D file (.jas)
* [[LSB]] - Lightscape scene binary format (.lsb)
* [[LWO]] - Lightwave Object (.lwo)
* [[LWS]] - Lightwave Scene (.lws)
* [[LXO]] - Luxology Modo (software) file (.lxo)
* [[MA]] - Autodesk Maya ASCII File (.ma)
* [[MatCap]] (.zmt)
* [[MAX]] - Autodesk 3D Studio Max file (.max)
* [[MB]] - Autodesk Maya Binary File (.mb)
* [[MD2]] - Quake 2 model format (.md2)
* [[MD3]] - Quake 3 model format (.md3)
* [[MDX]] - Blizzard Entertainment's own model format (.mdx)
* [[MESH]] - New York University(.m)
* [[MESH]] - Meshwork Model (.mesh)
* [[MM3D]] - Misfit Model 3d (.mm3d)
* [[MRC]] - voxels in cryo-electron microscopy
* [[NFF]] - Haines NFF, Neutral File Format
* [[NIF]] - Gamebryo NetImmerse File (.nif)
* [[OFF (DEC-WSE Object File Format)]]
* [[OFF (Geomview Object File Format)]]
* [[Outerra engine]] (.otx) (used in Anteworld game)
* [[POV]] - Persistence of Vision, POV-Ray document (.pov)
* [[PRT scene description]] - Parallel Ray Trace
* [[QRT Ray Tracer scene description]] (.qrt)
* [[Radiance Scene Description]] (.rad)
* [[Rayshade scene description]] (.ray)
* [[RWX]] - RenderWare Object (.rwx)
* [[Sense8 NFF]] - WorldToolkit Neutral File Format
* [[SGI YAODL]] - Yet Another Object Description Language, Power-Flip Format
* [[SGO]] - Silicon Graphics Object, Showcase
* [[SIA]] - Nevercenter Silo Object (.sia)
* [[SIB]] - Nevercenter Silo Object (.sib)
* [[Simply 3D Geometry]] (.ged)
* [[SKP]] - Google Sketchup file (.skp)
* [[SLDASM]] - SolidWorks Assembly Document (.sldasm)
* [[SLDPRT]] - SolidWorks Part Document (.sldprt)
* [[SMD]] - Valve Studiomdl Data format. (.smd)
* [[SVX]] - Shapeways voxel format. (.svx)
* [[TDDD]] - Turbo Silver 3D Data Description, T3D
* [[TTDDD]]
* [[U3D]] - Universal 3D file format (.u3d)
* [[Universal Scene Description]] - Pixar USD
* [[VRML]] - Virtual reality modeling language (.wrl)
* [[VTK]] - Visualization Toolkit (.vtk)
* [[VUE]] - Vue scene file (.vue)
* [[Wavefront MTL]]
* [[Wavefront OBJ]]
* [[WINGS]] - Wings3D (.wings)
* [[X]] - DirectX 3D Model (.x)
* [[X3D]] - Extensible 3D (.x3d)
* [[Z3D]] - Zmodeler (.z3d)

== CAD ==

* [[3dmlw]] - (3D Markup Language for Web) files
* [[3dxml]] - Dassault Systemes graphic representation
* [[ACP]] - VA Software VA - Virtual Architecture CAD file
* [[AMF]] - Additive Manufacturing File Format
* [[Argon]] - Ashlar-Vellum (AR) - 3D Modeling
* [[ART]] - ArtCAM model
* [[ASC]] - BRL-CAD Geometry File (old ASCII format)
* [[ASM]] - Solidedge Assembly, Pro/ENGINEER Assembly
* [[DDS BIN|BIN]], [[BIM]] - Data Design System DDS-CAD
* [[CCC]] - CopyCAD Curves
* [[CCM]] - CopyCAD Model
* [[CCS]] - CopyCAD Session
* [[CAD]] - CadStd
* [[CAD-3D]] - Antic Software
* [[CATDrawing]] - CATIA V5 Drawing document
* [[CATPart]] - CATIA V5 Part document
* [[CATProduct]] - CATIA V5 Assembly document
* [[CATProcess]] - CATIA V5 Manufacturing document
* [[cgr]] - CATIA V5 graphic representation file
* [[CO]] - Ashlar-Vellum Cobalt - parametric drafting and 3D modeling
* [[DRW]] - Caddie Early version of Caddie drawing - Prior to Caddie changing to DWG
* [[DWG]] - AutoCAD and Open Design Alliance applications
* [[DFT]] - Solidedge Draft
* [[DGN]] - MicroStation design file
* [[DGK]] - Delcam Geometry
* [[DMT]] - Delcam Machining Triangles
* [[DXF]] - ASCII Drawing Interchange file format - AutoCAD
* [[DWB]] - VariCAD drawing file
* [[DWF]] - AutoDesk's Web Design Format; AutoCAD & Revit can publish to this format; similar in concept to PDF files; AutoDesk Design Review is the reader
* [[Euclid]] - CAD file format
* [[Euclid (Ace Computing)|Euclid]] - CAD/composition file format (Ace Computing)
* [[EMB]] - Wilcom ES Designer Embroidery CAD file
* [[ESW]] - Agtek format
* [[EXCELLON]] - Excellon file
* [[EXP]] - Drawing Express file format
* [[FM]] - FeatureCAM Part File
* [[FMZ]] - FormZ Project file
* [[G]] - BRL-CAD Geometry File
* [[Gerber format]] - RS-274-D, RS-274X
* [[GLM]] - KernelCAD model
* [[GRB]] - T-FLEX CAD File
* [[GTC]] - GRAITEC Advance file format
* [[HydroCAD Stormwater Modeling System Unit Hydrograph file]] (.huh)
* [[IAM]] - Autodesk Inventor Assembly file
* [[ICD]] - IronCAD 2D CAD file
* [[IDW]] - Autodesk Inventor Drawing file
* [[IFC]] - buildingSMART for sharing AEC and FM data
* [[IGES]] - Initial Graphics Exchange Specification
* [[Intergraph Standard File Formats]]
* [[IPN]] - Autodesk Inventor Presentation file
* [[IPT]] - Autodesk Inventor Part file
* [[JT]] (visualization format) - Jupiter Tesselation
* [[MCD]] - Monu-CAD (Monument/Headstone Drawing file)
* [[model]] - CATIA V4 part document
* [[OCD]] - Orienteering Computer Aided Design (OCAD) file
* [[OpenSCAD]] - Solid 3D CAD objects (.scad)
* [[PAR]] - Solidedge Part
* [[PIPE]] - PIPE-FLO Professional Piping system design file
* [[PLN]] - ArchiCad project
* [[PRT]] - NX (recently known as Unigraphics), Pro/ENGINEER Part, CADKEY Part
* [[PSM]] - Solidedge Sheet
* [[PSMODEL]] - PowerSHAPE Model
* [[PWI]] - PowerINSPECT File
* [[PYT]] - Pythagoras File
* [[SKP]] - SketchUp Model
* [[RLF]] - ArtCAM Relief
* [[RVT]] - AutoDesk Revit project files
* [[RFA]] - AutoDesk Revit family files
* [[SCDOC]] - SpaceClaim 3D Part/Assembly
* [[SLDASM]] - SolidWorks Assembly drawing
* [[SLDDRW]] - SolidWorks 2D drawing
* [[SLDPRT]] - SolidWorks 3D part model
* [[dotXSI]] - Softimage
* [[STEP]] - Standard for the Exchange of Product model data
* [[STL]] - Stereo Lithographic data format used by various CAD systems and stereo lithographic printing machines. (.stl)
* [[TCT]] - TurboCAD drawing template
* [[TCW]] - TurboCAD for Windows 2D and 3D drawing
* [[Thing file]] - MakerBot (.thing)
* [[UNV]] - I-DEAS I-DEAS (Integrated Design and Engineering Analysis Software)
* [[VC6]] - Ashlar-Vellum Graphite - 2D and 3D drafting
* [[VLM]] - Ashlar-Vellum Vellum, Vellum 2D, Vellum Draft, Vellum 3D, DrawingBoard
* [[VS]] - Ashlar-Vellum Vellum Solids
* [[WRL]] - Similar to STL, but includes color. Used by various CAD systems and 3D printing rapid prototyping machines. Also used for VRML models on the web.
* [[XE]] - Ashlar-Vellum Xenon - for Associative 3D Modeling

== Motion capture ==
* [[Acclaim ASF/AMC]]

== Image series scanning ==
* [[BioRad confocal image]] - stores series of images generated by microscope scan of 3-D object, used in medical/research imaging

== Stereoscopy ==
* [[JPS]]
* [[Multi-Picture Format]] - MPO, Multi-Picture Object - This JPEG standard is used for 3d images, as with the Nintendo 3DS

== 3D video ==
* [[Side-by-side 3D format]]
* [[Top-and-bottom 3D format]]
* [[SENSIO Hi-Fi 3D format]]
* [[Blu-Ray 3D format]]

Also see [[Game data files]] for game rendering engines (some of which are 3-D).

== Links ==
=== Interesting objects printed with 3D printers ===
* [http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/03/download-this-gun-3d-printed-semi-automatic-fires-over-600-rounds/ 3D-printed semi-automatic gun]
* [http://livewire.talkingpointsmemo.com/entry/worlds-first-3d-printed-gun-successfully-fired-in 3D-printed gun successfully fired]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/03/17/autodesk-phillips-electronics-3d-printing/1990703/ 3-D printing in prosthetics]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:44150 3D-printable artificial fingers]
* [http://www.dezeen.com/2013/06/28/cortex-3d-printed-cast-for-bone-fractures-jake-evill/ Cortex 3D-printed cast]
* [http://www.engadget.com/2013/05/07/3d-systems-star-trek/ 3D-printed personalized Star Trek figurines]
* [http://www.cracked.com/quick-fixes/the-4-worst-things-people-are-making-with-3d-printers/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=fanpage&utm_campaign=new+article&wa_ibsrc=fanpage The 4 worst things people are making with 3D printers]
* [http://www.latimes.com/features/food/dailydish/la-dd-food-printer-world-hunger-pizza-20130521,0,4628674.story 3-D food 'printer' aims to end world hunger, starting with pizza]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/05/130522180102.htm Baby's Life Saved With Groundbreaking 3-D Printed Device That Restored His Breathing]
* [http://inhabitat.com/nyc/new-york-city-plans-to-fix-its-crumbling-harbors-using-3d-printed-concrete/ Fixing New York City infrastructure with 3D-printed concrete]
* [http://qz.com/96806/with-3d-printing-youll-be-able-to-replicate-the-worlds-famous-sculptures/ With 3D printing, you’ll be able to replicate the world’s famous sculptures]
* [http://www.fashion-incubator.com/archive/useful-3d-printing-sewing-machine-jigs-fixtures/ Useful 3D printing -sewing machine jigs & fixtures]
* [http://www.wired.com/autopia/2013/07/3d-printed-aston-martin/ This Guy Is 3-D Printing a Classic Aston Martin … That Runs]
* [http://www.tonedeaf.com.au/news/international-news/306773/3d-print-mp3-vinyl-record.htm Now You Can 3D Print Any MP3 Into A Vinyl Record]
* [http://www.zaarchitects.com/en/other/103-mars-colonization.html Making Mars habitable for colonists using 3D printing]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/09/26/crowdfunding-a-3d-printed-ope.html Crowdfunding a 3D printed, open source hardware robotic/prosthetic hand]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/10/02/blizzident-3d-printed-whole-m.html Blizzident: 3D printed whole-mouth-at-once toothbrush]
* [http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2013/11/the-next-revolution-will-not-b.html The revolution will not be hand-stitched]
* [http://www.fabbaloo.com/blog/2014/2/14/its-3d-printed-and-its-flexible It’s 3D Printed, and It’s Flexible]
* [http://gigaom.com/2014/02/25/this-is-what-3d-printed-wood-looks-like/ This is what 3D printed wood looks like]

=== Related technologies ===
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/04/05/4d-printing-and-programmable-m.html 4D printing (the 4th dimension is time)]
* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Main_Page RepRap: project to build self-replicating 3D printer]
* [http://qz.com/103705/forget-3d-printing-3d-subtraction-is-going-to-arrive-in-your-garage-first/ Forget 3D printing—3D subtraction is going to arrive in your garage first]
* [http://www.wired.com/design/2013/09/jaw-dropping-software-that-makes-3d-models-from-any-old-photograph/ Software makes 3-D models from photographs]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/10/14/6-axis-3d-printer-can-print-on.html 6-axis 3D printer can print on irregular surfaces]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/12/19/3d-printer-in-minecraft.html 3D printer within Minecraft game world]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/12/25/3d-printer-that-draws-pictures.html 3D printer that draws pictures in Jello shooters]
* [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1142241325/deltatrix-3d-printer-open-source-and-fully-hackabl Open-source hackable 3D printer]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/01/13/edible-sugar-3d-printer-at-ces.html Edible sugar 3D printer at CES]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/04/26/3d-printer-that-lays-down-cond.html 3D printer that lays down conductive traces as it goes]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/04/29/praying-mantises-wearing-3d-gl.html Praying mantises wearing 3D glasses]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/05/02/2k-desktop-milling-machine.html $2k desktop milling machine]
* [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/07/01/quantum-dots-hinder-3d-printed-counterfeits/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=quantum-dots-hinder-3d-printed-counterfeits Quantum Dots to Hinder 3D Printed Counterfeits]

=== Legal issues ===
* [https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/03/effs-fight-open-3d-printing-continues-askpatentscom EFF: Stop bad 3D printing patents]
* [http://www.techdirt.com/blog/innovation/articles/20130428/06443622864/dont-let-patents-kill-3d-printing.shtml Don't let patents kill 3D printing]
* [http://qz.com/106483/3d-printing-will-explode-in-2014-thanks-to-the-expiration-of-key-patents/ 3D printing will explode in 2014, thanks to the expiration of key patents]
* [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/02/04/spies-3d-printer/ The Spies in Your 3D Printer]

=== Other ===
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/06/24/kickstarting-a-400-applianc.html Kickstarting a $400 "appliance" 3D printer]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/06/10/how-3d-printing-will-rebuild-r.html How 3-D printing will rebuild reality]
* [http://www.weirduniverse.net/blog/comments/superman_invents_3-d_printing/ Superman invents 3D printing in 1964!]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/07/23/3-bee-printing-tricking-bees.html 3-Bee printing: tricking bees into making wax sculptures]
* [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/327919589/the-microfactory-a-machine-shop-in-a-box Kickstarter for Microfactory]
* [http://gigaom.com/2013/11/04/free-3d-printing-encryption-tool-for-your-stl-mesh-files/ Free 3D printing encryption tool for your STL mesh files]
* [http://3d.si.edu/ Smithsonian online 3D collection]
* [http://www.open-electronics.org/tiny-and-cute-open-source-3d-printer-smartrap-is-on-indiegogo/ Tiny and Cute Open source 3D printer Smartrap is on Indiegogo]
* [http://www.3ders.org/articles/20140209-made-in-africa-with-e-waste-3d-printer-campaign.html 'Made in Africa with e-waste' 3D printer campaign]
* [http://www.techdirt.com/blog/innovation/articles/20140213/13034226217/will-3d-printing-transform-world-just-fill-it-with-non-biodegradable-personalized-junk.shtml Will 3D Printing Transform The World -- Or Just Fill It With Non-Biodegradable Personalized Junk?]
* [http://www.popehat.com/2011/10/06/the-third-wave-cnc-stereolithography-and-the-end-of-gun-control/ The Third Wave, CNC, Stereolithography, and the end of gun control]
* [http://boingboing.net/2014/05/07/was-the-mona-lisa-meant-to-be.html Was the Mona Lisa meant to be 3D?]
* [http://www.wired.com/2014/05/mod-t-printer/ A $250 3-D Printer With Breakthrough Software]
* [http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2014/08/untangling-the-knot-of-cad-preservation/ Untangling the Knot of CAD Preservation]

HTML

2014-07-28T11:57:20Z

AndyJackson: /* Historical information */ Added link to a history of Fullscreen API

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Markup
|extensions={{ext|html}}, {{ext|htm}}
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'''HTML''' ('''h'''yper'''t'''ext '''m'''arkup '''l'''anguage) originally was an [[SGML]] based markup language. XHTML is HTML redeveloped using the stricter [[XML]] rules. Disagreement over the direction of W3C developments from some of the browser vendors led to the formation of the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG). They maintain the spec for the HTML5 or HTML Next or HTML Living Standard, which is not based on SGML any more. The W3C standardisation group will work to formalise the WHATWG specification as a series of standardised [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_snapshots 'snapshots'] of the living standard. One version of this standard is in the process of being "frozen" into a W3C HTML5 recommendation, while the ongoing "living standard" is getting regular updates as what W3C is referring to as "HTML 5.1", perhaps eventually to be frozen into another recommendation with the living standards moving on to HTML 5.2 and so on.

== Specs ==
* W3C specifications:
** [http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/HTMLPlus/htmlplus_1.html HTML (1) specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/html-spec/ HTML 2.0 specification] (see also the [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1866 RFC])
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32 HTML 3.2 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/ HTML 4.01 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/ HTML5 working draft]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/CR/ HTML5 editor's draft]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/master/ HTML 5.1 Nightly]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1 XHTML 1.0 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11 XHTML 1.1 specification]
** [http://www.w3.org/html/landscape/ The HTML Landscape] enumerates the differences between the W3C HTML 5.0, 5.1 and the WHATWG Living Standard. The source for the landscape site is available [https://github.com/w3c/html-landscape here].
* Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) specifications:
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/ The WHATWG Wiki]
** [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/ HTML Living Standard]
** [http://blog.whatwg.org/html-is-the-new-html5 Blog post describing the background information of the living standard]
** [http://www.whatwg.org/specs/ List of all WHATWG specifications]
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_derivatives List of 'HTML derivatives' and other spin-off specifications]
** [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_snapshots HTML Snapshots]
* [https://github.com/mozilla/servo/wiki/Relevant-spec-links Relevant spec links according to the Mozilla Servo project].

== HTML vs. XHTML ==

In HTML versions prior to HTML 5, there was a "fork" between HTML and XHTML, with the former being [[SGML]]-based and the latter [[XML]]-based. While the features of both are for the most part very similar, there are some syntactic differences which can trap the unwary, usually not causing any actual problems in rendering in common browsers (which are very forgiving of errors), but preventing validation. For instance, any tags not requiring a matching ending tag (e.g., <br>) need an added slash in XHTML to make them self-closing (<br />). This should not be used in HTML. There are some other differences such as HTML tags and attributes being case-insensitive so they can be entered in either uppercase or lowercase, while XHTML is case-sensitive and its standard tags are all lowercase. Some parts of the respective syntaxes won't mix and still validate as either variety, which is a problem when webmasters paste in code from diverse sources (including ad-network and affiliate links and scripts which may have terms-of-service contracts mandating that they be used in an unmodified form). However, HTML 5, which is not directly based on either SGML or XML, is more forgiving of allowing such mixed syntax; its specs say that the underlying HTML document can be expressed in either syntax, and while you're still supposed to pick one or the other, there are very forgiving parsing rules for interpreting the document.

The "forgiving" processing of mixed syntax applies only to documents served with the MIME type "text/html"; if an XML MIME type is used, browsers are supposed to be stricter in interpreting the syntax and rejecting documents which are improper or which are of a form they don't understand.

== DOCTYPE ==

HTML and XHTML documents begin with a doctype declaration, which is of a format that had a specific meaning in SGML. Browsers and validators could recognize different doctypes to determine which version of HTML was being used, and browsers sometimes changed between "standards" and "quirks" parsing modes based on the doctype. HTML 5, since it was intended as a "living standard" and was no longer based on SGML, used a mimimalist doctype <code><!doctype html></code> designed to trigger standards mode in all browsers, but no longer giving any indication of which specific variety of HTML5 (and up) is in use.

== Nonstandard extensions ==

The formal specs, of course, do not fully describe the HTML documents in use in the "real world", as quite a number of nonstandard elements, attributes, and other extensions have been implemented in various browsers (including the most popular ones), and also, browsers have tended to be very forgiving of invalid markup, leading to lots of sloppy coding being widespread because "it works in [name of popular browser], so that's all that matters!"

In 2013, the Mozilla organization announced the removal of support for the nonstandard BLINK element, supported in various browsers since being introduced in the 1990s as a Netscape extension, and persisting despite widespread belief that it was annoying. New versions of Firefox and other Gecko-based browsers no longer flash text that is enclosed in this element, as well as in various [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] rules suggesting blinking or flashing.

== Software ==
* [http://www.mpdf1.com/mpdf/index.php mPDF: convert HTML to PDF]

== Validators ==
* [http://validator.w3.org/ W3C HTML validator]

== Test suites ==
* [https://github.com/w3c/html-testsuite/ HTML test suite]

== Format conversion ==
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1403087/how-can-i-convert-an-html-table-to-csv Discussion on converting HTML tables to CSV]

== Historical information ==
* [http://www.w3.org/community/webhistory/ W3C Web History Community Group]
* [http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1992JanFeb/0000.html Tim Berners-Lee discusses Web protocols/formats in Jan 1992]
* [http://diveintohtml5.info/past.html Dive into HTML5 - How did we get here?] also documents how HTML has developed.
* [http://www.the-pope.com/lostHTML.htm The Lost Tags of HTML], documenting early HTML versions and the tags that have been dropped from the standards.
* [http://www.montulli.org/theoriginofthe%3Cblink%3Etag The Origins of the <Blink> Tag]
* [http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web CERN's 'The birth of the web']. Includes work on restoring the first website and building a line-mode/terminal web browser simulation.
* [http://zachholman.com/posts/only-90s-developers/ Only 90s Web Developers Remember This]
* [http://w3c.github.io/elements-of-html/ List of HTML/XHTML elements past and present]
* [http://blog.foolip.org/2014/07/21/history-of-the-fullscreen-api/ History of the Fullscreen API]

== Other resources ==
* [http://mrcoles.com/demo/markdown-css/ Markdown CSS: makes HTML look like plain text]
* [https://www.eff.org/press/releases/eff-makes-formal-objection-drm-html5 EFF Makes Formal Objection to DRM in HTML5]
* [http://boingboing.net/2013/10/02/w3c-green-lights-adding-drm-to.html W3C green-lights adding DRM to the Web's standards, says it's OK for your browser to say "I can't let you do that, Dave"]
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=923590 Bug 923590 - Pledge never to implement HTML5 DRM (Bugzilla@Mozilla)]
* [http://programming.oreilly.com/2013/04/stop-standardizing-html.html Stop standardizing HTML]
* [http://bridgeit.mobi/ BridgeIt: JavaScript library to add native mobile features to HTML 5 web apps]
* [http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-1-10-americans-html-std-study-finds-20140304,0,1188415.story 1 in 10 Americans think HTML is an STD, study finds]

[[Category:Web]]
[[Category:W3C]]

WARC

2014-07-01T23:07:43Z

AndyJackson: /* References */ Prioritised directl link to the most recent warctools package over the COPTR link.

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Archiving
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Successor to the [[ARC (Internet Archive)]] format. Standardized as ISO 28500:2009, Information and documentation -- WARC file format. Developed under the auspices of the [http://netpreserve.org/ International Internet Preservation Consortium]. WARC was developed as an extension to ARC in part to provide better capabilities for managing Web archives for the long term, allowing for capture of more metadata about the circumstances of archiving.

WARC files are often compressed using [[gzip]], resulting in a '''.warc.gz''' extension.

== Sample files ==
* [http://archive.org/details/testWARCfiles Test WARC Files] warc.gz file from Internet Archive.

== References ==
* [http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/warc_ISO_DIS_28500.pdf Draft of ISO-DIS 28500] As circulated for ISO ballot and approval.
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000236.shtml WARC, Web ARChive file format, from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]
* [http://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/ Working drafts for WARC specification]
* [http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/ The WARC File Format (ISO 28500) - Information, Maintenance, Drafts]
* [https://pypi.python.org/pypi/warctools/ WARC Tools (in Python)]
** Some history on the Python tools is available on [http://coptr.digipres.org/Warctools here on the COPTR wiki].
* [http://www.hanzoarchives.com/learning/warc_files Slide show on WARC]
* [http://archiveteam.org/index.php?title=The_WARC_Ecosystem The WARC Ecosystem (Archive Team)]

[[Category:Internet Archive]]

Template:FormatInfo

2014-07-01T22:28:01Z

AndyJackson: Removed COPTR backlink.

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}}
</table>
<includeonly>{{#if:{{{formattype|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without formattype]]}}{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without subcat]]}}{{#ifeq:{{{formattype|electronic}}}|electronic|{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without extensions]]}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without mimetypes]]}}|}}</includeonly><noinclude>
== Usage ==
<pre>
{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype =
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions =
| mimetypes =
| locfdd =
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}
</pre>

===Parameters===
;name: '''(optional)''' The name of the file format. ''Default: <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki>''
;formattype: '''(optional)''' The [[File Formats|type]] of the file format. Choose 'electronic', 'physical', or 'organic', or specify your own. ''Default: electronic''
;subcat: '''(optional)''' The subcategory of the file format.
;subcat2: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat3: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat4: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat5: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;thiscat: '''(optional)''' Special parameter for indicating ontology of a non-terminal subcategory page.
;extensions: '''(optional)''' The format's known filename extensions. Use [[Template:ext|<nowiki>{{ext}}</nowiki>]].
;mimetypes: '''(optional)''' The MIME type of the format. Use [[Template:mimetype|<nowiki>{{mimetype}}</nowiki>]].
;locfdd: '''(optional)''' Identifier for this format from the Library of Congress Sustainability of Digital Formats, e.g. "fdd000314". Use [[Template:LoCFDD|<nowiki>{{LoCFDD}}</nowiki>]].
;fourccs: '''(optional)''' FourCC code
;pronom: '''(optional)''' The [[Sources/PRONOM|PRONOM]] ID of the format, e.g. "fmt/45". Use [[Template:PRONOM|<nowiki>{{PRONOM}}</nowiki>]].
;type code: '''(optional)''' The Type Code of the file, used by Mac OS Classic.
;uniform type: '''(optional)''' The Uniform Type Identifier (UTI), used by Mac OS X and iOS.
;conforms to: '''(optional)''' The UTI of the parent format in the conformance hierarchy.
;released: '''(optional)''' The date the format was publicly released.
;image: '''(optional)''' Illustration to show in infobox.
;caption: '''(optional)''' Caption for image

===Potential Parameters===
This is a list of parameters that could be included in this template.

;mime & mime aliases: Split mimetypes into primary type and known aliases.
;charset: For character encodings, the value of the charset parameter used to identify it in MIME headers
;version: The version of the format, e.g. "1.4" for PDF 1.4
;previous version: Link to page about the previous version of this format.
;next version: Link to page about the next version of this format.
;back compat: Whether this version is backwards compatible with the previous version.
;wikipedia: Name of the Wikipedia page that describes this format, e.g. "JPEG 2000" will be rendered as [[Wikipedia:JPEG 2000|JPEG 2000]]
;magic: A sequence of byte values that can be used to identify the file contents, usually located close to the start of the file.
;container for: A list of formats this format can contain.
;contained by: A list of formats that may contain this format.
;extended from: Any formats this one was based upon.
;extended to: Any formats that have been derived from this one.
;spec: URL of the format specification.
;spec availability: Type of availability the specification, e.g. commercial, free.
;patent license: Unknown, Disputed, Encumbered, (F)RAND, Royalty-Free, Unencumbered.
;compression: Types of compression. Whether Lossy, Lossless, or Both, and whether Optional or Always compressed. i.e. JPEG is Always Lossy.
;endianness: Big-endian or Little-endian byte ordering.
;developed by: Who developed the format.
;maintained by: Who now maintains the format.
;reference impl: Link to page about the reference implementation of this format, if any.
;embeddable metadata: Kinds of metadata that can be embedded in this format.
;tpm: Technical Protection Mechanisms supported by the format, e.g. encryption.
;dependencies: External resources that files in this format may depend upon, e.g. fonts, or even hardware.
;error resiliance: Is this format able to detect damage or recover from damage to the bitstream.
;namespace: The namespace-uri that defines the file format if it is XML-based.

==Examples==

[[Category:File Formats| ]]
</noinclude>

Template:FormatInfo

2014-07-01T12:47:26Z

AndyJackson:

<table class="infobox formatinfo" border="0" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #666666; max-width: 25%; overflow: hidden; background-color:{{#switch: {{{formattype}}}
|electronic=#F8E0F7
|physical=#F6E3CE
|organic=#CEF6CE
|Languages=#CEE3F6
|#F8E0F7
}};
padding: 0.25em; margin: 0.25em 1em;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2">[[File Formats|File Format]]<includeonly>[[Category:File Formats]]</includeonly></th>
</tr>
{{FormatInfo/row|Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}
{{FormatInfo/row
| Ontology
|
<ul><li>
{{#switch: {{{formattype}}}
|electronic=[[Electronic File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Electronic File Formats]]</includeonly>
|physical=[[Physical File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Physical File Formats]]</includeonly>
|organic=[[Organic File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Organic File Formats]]</includeonly>
|[[{{{formattype|Electronic File Formats}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{formattype|Electronic File Formats}}}]]</includeonly>
}}
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}
|[[{{{subcat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat2|}}}
|[[{{{subcat2}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat2}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat3|}}}
|[[{{{subcat3}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat3}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat4|}}}
|[[{{{subcat4}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat4}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat5|}}}
|[[{{{subcat5}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat5}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
}}{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Extension(s)|{{{extensions}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|MIME Type(s)|{{{mimetypes}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{locfdd|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|LoCFDD|{{{locfdd}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{fourccs|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|FourCC|{{{fourccs}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{pronom|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|PRONOM|{{{pronom}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{type code|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Type Code|{{{type code}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{uniform type|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|UTI|{{{uniform type}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{conforms to|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Conforms To|{{{conforms to}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{released|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Released|{{{released}}}}}
}}
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
[[Image:{{{image}}}|200px|{{{caption}}}]]
</td></tr>
}}
{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
<small>{{{caption}}}</small>
</td></tr>
}}
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
<small>[http://coptr.digipres.org/Category:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}_format Look in COPTR for related tools.]</small>
</td></tr>
</table>
<includeonly>{{#if:{{{formattype|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without formattype]]}}{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without subcat]]}}{{#ifeq:{{{formattype|electronic}}}|electronic|{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without extensions]]}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without mimetypes]]}}|}}</includeonly><noinclude>
== Usage ==
<pre>
{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype =
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions =
| mimetypes =
| locfdd =
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}
</pre>

===Parameters===
;name: '''(optional)''' The name of the file format. ''Default: <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki>''
;formattype: '''(optional)''' The [[File Formats|type]] of the file format. Choose 'electronic', 'physical', or 'organic', or specify your own. ''Default: electronic''
;subcat: '''(optional)''' The subcategory of the file format.
;subcat2: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat3: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat4: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat5: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;thiscat: '''(optional)''' Special parameter for indicating ontology of a non-terminal subcategory page.
;extensions: '''(optional)''' The format's known filename extensions. Use [[Template:ext|<nowiki>{{ext}}</nowiki>]].
;mimetypes: '''(optional)''' The MIME type of the format. Use [[Template:mimetype|<nowiki>{{mimetype}}</nowiki>]].
;locfdd: '''(optional)''' Identifier for this format from the Library of Congress Sustainability of Digital Formats, e.g. "fdd000314". Use [[Template:LoCFDD|<nowiki>{{LoCFDD}}</nowiki>]].
;fourccs: '''(optional)''' FourCC code
;pronom: '''(optional)''' The [[Sources/PRONOM|PRONOM]] ID of the format, e.g. "fmt/45". Use [[Template:PRONOM|<nowiki>{{PRONOM}}</nowiki>]].
;type code: '''(optional)''' The Type Code of the file, used by Mac OS Classic.
;uniform type: '''(optional)''' The Uniform Type Identifier (UTI), used by Mac OS X and iOS.
;conforms to: '''(optional)''' The UTI of the parent format in the conformance hierarchy.
;released: '''(optional)''' The date the format was publicly released.
;image: '''(optional)''' Illustration to show in infobox.
;caption: '''(optional)''' Caption for image

===Potential Parameters===
This is a list of parameters that could be included in this template.

;mime & mime aliases: Split mimetypes into primary type and known aliases.
;charset: For character encodings, the value of the charset parameter used to identify it in MIME headers
;version: The version of the format, e.g. "1.4" for PDF 1.4
;previous version: Link to page about the previous version of this format.
;next version: Link to page about the next version of this format.
;back compat: Whether this version is backwards compatible with the previous version.
;wikipedia: Name of the Wikipedia page that describes this format, e.g. "JPEG 2000" will be rendered as [[Wikipedia:JPEG 2000|JPEG 2000]]
;magic: A sequence of byte values that can be used to identify the file contents, usually located close to the start of the file.
;container for: A list of formats this format can contain.
;contained by: A list of formats that may contain this format.
;extended from: Any formats this one was based upon.
;extended to: Any formats that have been derived from this one.
;spec: URL of the format specification.
;spec availability: Type of availability the specification, e.g. commercial, free.
;patent license: Unknown, Disputed, Encumbered, (F)RAND, Royalty-Free, Unencumbered.
;compression: Types of compression. Whether Lossy, Lossless, or Both, and whether Optional or Always compressed. i.e. JPEG is Always Lossy.
;endianness: Big-endian or Little-endian byte ordering.
;developed by: Who developed the format.
;maintained by: Who now maintains the format.
;reference impl: Link to page about the reference implementation of this format, if any.
;embeddable metadata: Kinds of metadata that can be embedded in this format.
;tpm: Technical Protection Mechanisms supported by the format, e.g. encryption.
;dependencies: External resources that files in this format may depend upon, e.g. fonts, or even hardware.
;error resiliance: Is this format able to detect damage or recover from damage to the bitstream.
;namespace: The namespace-uri that defines the file format if it is XML-based.

==Examples==

[[Category:File Formats| ]]
</noinclude>

Template:FormatInfo

2014-07-01T12:14:19Z

AndyJackson:

<table class="infobox formatinfo" border="0" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #666666; max-width: 25%; overflow: hidden; background-color:{{#switch: {{{formattype}}}
|electronic=#F8E0F7
|physical=#F6E3CE
|organic=#CEF6CE
|Languages=#CEE3F6
|#F8E0F7
}};
padding: 0.25em; margin: 0.25em 1em;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2">[[File Formats|File Format]]<includeonly>[[Category:File Formats]]</includeonly></th>
</tr>
{{FormatInfo/row|Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}
{{FormatInfo/row
| Ontology
|
<ul><li>
{{#switch: {{{formattype}}}
|electronic=[[Electronic File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Electronic File Formats]]</includeonly>
|physical=[[Physical File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Physical File Formats]]</includeonly>
|organic=[[Organic File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Organic File Formats]]</includeonly>
|[[{{{formattype|Electronic File Formats}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{formattype|Electronic File Formats}}}]]</includeonly>
}}
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}
|[[{{{subcat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat2|}}}
|[[{{{subcat2}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat2}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat3|}}}
|[[{{{subcat3}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat3}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat4|}}}
|[[{{{subcat4}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat4}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat5|}}}
|[[{{{subcat5}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat5}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
}}{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Extension(s)|{{{extensions}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|MIME Type(s)|{{{mimetypes}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{locfdd|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|LoCFDD|{{{locfdd}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{fourccs|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|FourCC|{{{fourccs}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{pronom|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|PRONOM|{{{pronom}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{type code|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Type Code|{{{type code}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{uniform type|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|UTI|{{{uniform type}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{conforms to|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Conforms To|{{{conforms to}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{released|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Released|{{{released}}}}}
}}
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
[[Image:{{{image}}}|200px|{{{caption}}}]]
</td></tr>
}}
{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
<small>{{{caption}}}</small>
</td></tr>
}}
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
<small>[http://coptr.digipres.org/Category:{{FULLPAGENAME}}_format Look in COPTR for related tools.]</small>
</td></tr>
</table>
<includeonly>{{#if:{{{formattype|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without formattype]]}}{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without subcat]]}}{{#ifeq:{{{formattype|electronic}}}|electronic|{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without extensions]]}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without mimetypes]]}}|}}</includeonly><noinclude>
== Usage ==
<pre>
{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype =
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions =
| mimetypes =
| locfdd =
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}
</pre>

===Parameters===
;name: '''(optional)''' The name of the file format. ''Default: <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki>''
;formattype: '''(optional)''' The [[File Formats|type]] of the file format. Choose 'electronic', 'physical', or 'organic', or specify your own. ''Default: electronic''
;subcat: '''(optional)''' The subcategory of the file format.
;subcat2: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat3: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat4: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat5: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;thiscat: '''(optional)''' Special parameter for indicating ontology of a non-terminal subcategory page.
;extensions: '''(optional)''' The format's known filename extensions. Use [[Template:ext|<nowiki>{{ext}}</nowiki>]].
;mimetypes: '''(optional)''' The MIME type of the format. Use [[Template:mimetype|<nowiki>{{mimetype}}</nowiki>]].
;locfdd: '''(optional)''' Identifier for this format from the Library of Congress Sustainability of Digital Formats, e.g. "fdd000314". Use [[Template:LoCFDD|<nowiki>{{LoCFDD}}</nowiki>]].
;fourccs: '''(optional)''' FourCC code
;pronom: '''(optional)''' The [[Sources/PRONOM|PRONOM]] ID of the format, e.g. "fmt/45". Use [[Template:PRONOM|<nowiki>{{PRONOM}}</nowiki>]].
;type code: '''(optional)''' The Type Code of the file, used by Mac OS Classic.
;uniform type: '''(optional)''' The Uniform Type Identifier (UTI), used by Mac OS X and iOS.
;conforms to: '''(optional)''' The UTI of the parent format in the conformance hierarchy.
;released: '''(optional)''' The date the format was publicly released.
;image: '''(optional)''' Illustration to show in infobox.
;caption: '''(optional)''' Caption for image

===Potential Parameters===
This is a list of parameters that could be included in this template.

;mime & mime aliases: Split mimetypes into primary type and known aliases.
;charset: For character encodings, the value of the charset parameter used to identify it in MIME headers
;version: The version of the format, e.g. "1.4" for PDF 1.4
;previous version: Link to page about the previous version of this format.
;next version: Link to page about the next version of this format.
;back compat: Whether this version is backwards compatible with the previous version.
;wikipedia: Name of the Wikipedia page that describes this format, e.g. "JPEG 2000" will be rendered as [[Wikipedia:JPEG 2000|JPEG 2000]]
;magic: A sequence of byte values that can be used to identify the file contents, usually located close to the start of the file.
;container for: A list of formats this format can contain.
;contained by: A list of formats that may contain this format.
;extended from: Any formats this one was based upon.
;extended to: Any formats that have been derived from this one.
;spec: URL of the format specification.
;spec availability: Type of availability the specification, e.g. commercial, free.
;patent license: Unknown, Disputed, Encumbered, (F)RAND, Royalty-Free, Unencumbered.
;compression: Types of compression. Whether Lossy, Lossless, or Both, and whether Optional or Always compressed. i.e. JPEG is Always Lossy.
;endianness: Big-endian or Little-endian byte ordering.
;developed by: Who developed the format.
;maintained by: Who now maintains the format.
;reference impl: Link to page about the reference implementation of this format, if any.
;embeddable metadata: Kinds of metadata that can be embedded in this format.
;tpm: Technical Protection Mechanisms supported by the format, e.g. encryption.
;dependencies: External resources that files in this format may depend upon, e.g. fonts, or even hardware.
;error resiliance: Is this format able to detect damage or recover from damage to the bitstream.
;namespace: The namespace-uri that defines the file format if it is XML-based.

==Examples==

[[Category:File Formats| ]]
</noinclude>

Template:FormatInfo

2014-07-01T12:11:23Z

AndyJackson: adding a trial cross-link to COPTR

<table class="infobox formatinfo" border="0" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #666666; max-width: 25%; overflow: hidden; background-color:{{#switch: {{{formattype}}}
|electronic=#F8E0F7
|physical=#F6E3CE
|organic=#CEF6CE
|Languages=#CEE3F6
|#F8E0F7
}};
padding: 0.25em; margin: 0.25em 1em;">
<tr>
<th colspan="2">[[File Formats|File Format]]<includeonly>[[Category:File Formats]]</includeonly></th>
</tr>
{{FormatInfo/row|Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}
{{FormatInfo/row
| Ontology
|
<ul><li>
{{#switch: {{{formattype}}}
|electronic=[[Electronic File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Electronic File Formats]]</includeonly>
|physical=[[Physical File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Physical File Formats]]</includeonly>
|organic=[[Organic File Formats]]<includeonly>[[Category:Organic File Formats]]</includeonly>
|[[{{{formattype|Electronic File Formats}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{formattype|Electronic File Formats}}}]]</includeonly>
}}
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}
|[[{{{subcat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat2|}}}
|[[{{{subcat2}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat2}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat3|}}}
|[[{{{subcat3}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat3}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat4|}}}
|[[{{{subcat4}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat4}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{subcat5|}}}
|[[{{{subcat5}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{subcat5}}}]]</includeonly>
<ul><li>
{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
|{{#if:{{{thiscat|}}}|[[{{{thiscat}}}]]<includeonly>[[Category:{{{thiscat}}}| ]]</includeonly>|[[{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]}}
}}
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
}}{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Extension(s)|{{{extensions}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|MIME Type(s)|{{{mimetypes}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{locfdd|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|LoCFDD|{{{locfdd}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{fourccs|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|FourCC|{{{fourccs}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{pronom|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|PRONOM|{{{pronom}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{type code|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Type Code|{{{type code}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{uniform type|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|UTI|{{{uniform type}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{conforms to|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Conforms To|{{{conforms to}}}}}
}}{{#if:{{{released|}}}|
{{FormatInfo/row|Released|{{{released}}}}}
}}
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
[[Image:{{{image}}}|200px|{{{caption}}}]]
</td></tr>
}}
{{#if:{{{caption|}}}|
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
<small>{{{caption}}}</small>
</td></tr>
}}
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">
<small>[http://coptr.digipres.org/Category:{{FULLPAGENAME}}_format]</small>
</td></tr>
</table>
<includeonly>{{#if:{{{formattype|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without formattype]]}}{{#if:{{{subcat|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without subcat]]}}{{#ifeq:{{{formattype|electronic}}}|electronic|{{#if:{{{extensions|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without extensions]]}}{{#if:{{{mimetypes|}}}||[[Category:FormatInfo without mimetypes]]}}|}}</includeonly><noinclude>
== Usage ==
<pre>
{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype =
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions =
| mimetypes =
| locfdd =
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}
</pre>

===Parameters===
;name: '''(optional)''' The name of the file format. ''Default: <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki>''
;formattype: '''(optional)''' The [[File Formats|type]] of the file format. Choose 'electronic', 'physical', or 'organic', or specify your own. ''Default: electronic''
;subcat: '''(optional)''' The subcategory of the file format.
;subcat2: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat3: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat4: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;subcat5: '''(optional)''' An additional subcategory of the file format.
;thiscat: '''(optional)''' Special parameter for indicating ontology of a non-terminal subcategory page.
;extensions: '''(optional)''' The format's known filename extensions. Use [[Template:ext|<nowiki>{{ext}}</nowiki>]].
;mimetypes: '''(optional)''' The MIME type of the format. Use [[Template:mimetype|<nowiki>{{mimetype}}</nowiki>]].
;locfdd: '''(optional)''' Identifier for this format from the Library of Congress Sustainability of Digital Formats, e.g. "fdd000314". Use [[Template:LoCFDD|<nowiki>{{LoCFDD}}</nowiki>]].
;fourccs: '''(optional)''' FourCC code
;pronom: '''(optional)''' The [[Sources/PRONOM|PRONOM]] ID of the format, e.g. "fmt/45". Use [[Template:PRONOM|<nowiki>{{PRONOM}}</nowiki>]].
;type code: '''(optional)''' The Type Code of the file, used by Mac OS Classic.
;uniform type: '''(optional)''' The Uniform Type Identifier (UTI), used by Mac OS X and iOS.
;conforms to: '''(optional)''' The UTI of the parent format in the conformance hierarchy.
;released: '''(optional)''' The date the format was publicly released.
;image: '''(optional)''' Illustration to show in infobox.
;caption: '''(optional)''' Caption for image

===Potential Parameters===
This is a list of parameters that could be included in this template.

;mime & mime aliases: Split mimetypes into primary type and known aliases.
;charset: For character encodings, the value of the charset parameter used to identify it in MIME headers
;version: The version of the format, e.g. "1.4" for PDF 1.4
;previous version: Link to page about the previous version of this format.
;next version: Link to page about the next version of this format.
;back compat: Whether this version is backwards compatible with the previous version.
;wikipedia: Name of the Wikipedia page that describes this format, e.g. "JPEG 2000" will be rendered as [[Wikipedia:JPEG 2000|JPEG 2000]]
;magic: A sequence of byte values that can be used to identify the file contents, usually located close to the start of the file.
;container for: A list of formats this format can contain.
;contained by: A list of formats that may contain this format.
;extended from: Any formats this one was based upon.
;extended to: Any formats that have been derived from this one.
;spec: URL of the format specification.
;spec availability: Type of availability the specification, e.g. commercial, free.
;patent license: Unknown, Disputed, Encumbered, (F)RAND, Royalty-Free, Unencumbered.
;compression: Types of compression. Whether Lossy, Lossless, or Both, and whether Optional or Always compressed. i.e. JPEG is Always Lossy.
;endianness: Big-endian or Little-endian byte ordering.
;developed by: Who developed the format.
;maintained by: Who now maintains the format.
;reference impl: Link to page about the reference implementation of this format, if any.
;embeddable metadata: Kinds of metadata that can be embedded in this format.
;tpm: Technical Protection Mechanisms supported by the format, e.g. encryption.
;dependencies: External resources that files in this format may depend upon, e.g. fonts, or even hardware.
;error resiliance: Is this format able to detect damage or recover from damage to the bitstream.
;namespace: The namespace-uri that defines the file format if it is XML-based.

==Examples==

[[Category:File Formats| ]]
</noinclude>

WARC

2014-07-01T12:07:48Z

AndyJackson: /* References */ Removed link to defunct warctools project.

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Archiving
|extensions={{ext|warc}}<br>{{ext|warc.gz}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/289}}
}}

Successor to the [[ARC (Internet Archive)]] format. Standardized as ISO 28500:2009, Information and documentation -- WARC file format. Developed under the auspices of the [http://netpreserve.org/ International Internet Preservation Consortium]. WARC was developed as an extension to ARC in part to provide better capabilities for managing Web archives for the long term, allowing for capture of more metadata about the circumstances of archiving.

WARC files are often compressed using [[gzip]], resulting in a '''.warc.gz''' extension.

== Sample files ==
* [http://archive.org/details/testWARCfiles Test WARC Files] warc.gz file from Internet Archive.

== References ==
* [http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/warc_ISO_DIS_28500.pdf Draft of ISO-DIS 28500] As circulated for ISO ballot and approval.
* [http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/formats/fdd/fdd000236.shtml WARC, Web ARChive file format, from Library of Congress resource on Sustainability of Digital Formats]
* [http://archive-access.sourceforge.net/warc/ Working drafts for WARC specification]
* [http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/ The WARC File Format (ISO 28500) - Information, Maintenance, Drafts]
* [http://coptr.digipres.org/Warctools WARC Tools (in Python)]
* [http://www.hanzoarchives.com/learning/warc_files Slide show on WARC]
* [http://archiveteam.org/index.php?title=The_WARC_Ecosystem The WARC Ecosystem (Archive Team)]

[[Category:Internet Archive]]

GIF

2014-06-25T14:29:21Z

AndyJackson: /* External links */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|extensions={{ext|gif}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/gif}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000133}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/3}}<br>{{PRONOM|fmt/4}}
|uniform type={{UTI|com.compuserve.gif}}
|released=1987
}}
'''Graphics Interchange Format''' ('''[[GIF]]''') was introduced by the CompuServe online service in 1987, intended to provide a consistent and compact format for graphics to be downloaded on that service. Since the specifications were openly released, the format gained wide use in graphics software and on online services and bulletin board systems (BBSs), not just CompuServe; later it became a major Web graphic format. GIF's ability to have animation (unlike most still graphic formats) has caused it to gain some Internet notoriety and use in conjunction with "memes".

== Patents ==
In 1994, it became widely known that the format was encumbered by the use of the patent-protected [[LZW]] compression technology, for which its owner, Unisys, was demanding licencing terms and royalties for certain sorts of uses. This made GIF a less-than-free format, spurring a desire on the part of some people for an unencumbered format, which led to the creation of the [[PNG]] format. However, it took several years for PNG to get widespread support in software, and in the meantime the World Wide Web experienced meteoric growth with GIF still used as the primary graphics format (alongside [[JPEG]]), though eventually PNG did become widespread on the Web as well. The patent in question expired in the US in 2003, and in other countries in 2004, so it is no longer an issue.

Another attempt at a patent-free format to replace GIF, [[Jeff's Image Format]] (JIF), never caught on.

== Pronunciation ==
People argue a lot over whether to pronounce "GIF" with a hard or a soft G. Both pronunciations are acceptable to the Oxford American Dictionaries, which named it the word of the year<ref>[http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/mediawire/195430/gif-as-a-verb-is-dictionarys-word-of-the-year/ GIF (as a verb) is dictionary’s word of the year]</ref> in 2012, in its supposed usage as a verb (which they don't seem to actually use in a sentence anywhere in their announcement). Pedants say that the hard "g" is proper due to it standing for "graphics", which has a hard "g", but others cite the normal English pattern of pronouncing "g" soft when followed by an "i" (though, like most English spelling and pronunciation rules, it has exceptions like "gift"). The peanut-butter brand Jif, with its slogan "Choosy moms choose Jif", may also have some influence in the soft-pronunciation direction (though it is actually spelled with a "J"). Finally in 2013, the creator of GIF came out publicly in favor of the soft-G pronunciation, but even that didn't end the debate.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/22/gif-pronunciation_n_3319345.html Even GIF Creator Can't Settle The Debate On The Pronunciation Of 'GIF']</ref>

== Animated GIF ==
Unlike most other graphic formats, GIF supports multiple-frame animated graphics in addition to single-image graphics. These animated GIFs are often used on web pages, sometimes for good reasons, sometimes as a poor man's video format, and all too often (especially during the early wave of Web popularity) to animate clip art and other images that would be better left motionless. In the 2010s, the use of animated GIFs for spreading Internet memes had a sudden and intense burst of popularity, and could sometimes be used in a very artistic manner.

The GIF features used for animation seem to have been intended for slideshows, and not for the type of animation they came to be used for. In fact, the specification clearly states that "[GIF] is not intended as a platform for animation." The only missing element – a loop count – was supplied by Netscape's ''looping extension'' (see below).

In the popular vernacular these days, "GIF" seems synonymous with "animated GIF", even though the format has a long history of use in static (non-animated) graphics. Much (though not all) use of static GIFs has shifted to PNG and other formats, leaving GIF in the niche of animated graphics.

== Versions ==
=== Version 87a ===
The original version, released 1987-06-15. As a reference point, it supports:
* Multiple images in a single file
* Interlaced images
* Background colors
* Extensions, but each extension would have to be approved by CompuServe in order to avoid conflicts

=== Version 89a ===
Released 1990-07-31. Adds support for:
* Binary transparency
* Animation, though there is no way to indicate whether the animation should loop
* Application extensions that don't require central coordination
* Comment extensions
* Plain Text extensions (an obsolete feature)

=== Other versions ===
There are no other official GIF version numbers.

[[Jeff's Image Format]] is a GIF-like format identified by '''JIF99a'''. The [[file command]]'s database suggests that GIF-like formats identified by '''GIF94z''' ("ZIF") and '''FGF95a''' ("FGF") were experimented with.

== Color format ==
GIF images are always paletted. The number of colors in a palette can be any power of 2 from 2 to 256.

If a GIF file contains multiple images, each may have its own palette. This makes it possible for animated GIFs to construct frames that exceed the usual limit of 256 colors<ref>[http://phil.ipal.org/tc.html True-Color GIF Example]</ref>. This technique is inefficient, and may result in very large files.

== Format ==
A GIF file has a header (consisting of a signature, a ''screen descriptor'', and optionally a ''global color table''), followed by a sequence of tagged blocks of various types.

Block type 0x21 is an ''extension''. Each extension has a byte indicating its type. GIF version 89a defines extension type 0xff to be an ''application extension'', which can be used to store arbitrary data.

An application extension's specific type is given by an application identifier consisting of exactly 8 ASCII characters, plus a three-byte "authentication code" to reduce the chance of a conflict. In effect, this means it has an 11-byte identifier.

=== Known application extensions ===

* <code>"NETSCAPE" 0x32 0x2e 0x30 ("NETSCAPE2.0")</code>

If the first byte of application data has value 0x01, this is a ''looping extension'' used in animated GIFs. It indicates the number of times to repeat the animation.

If the first byte is not 0x01, the extension is probably of no interest, but apparently at least one such extension was defined (0x02 = Netscape Buffering Extension<ref>[http://www.vurdalakov.net/misc/gif/netscape-buffering-application-extension Netscape Buffering Application Extension]</ref>).

* <code>"ANIMEXTS" 0x31 0x2e 0x30 ("ANIMEXTS1.0")</code>

Same as "NETSCAPE2.0" looping extension.

* <code>"ICCRGBG1" 0x30 0x31 0x32 ("ICCRGBG1012")</code>

Stores an [[ICC profile]].

* <code>"XMP Data" 0x58 0x4d 0x50 ("XMP DataXMP")</code>

Stores [[XMP]] metadata.

* <code>"fractint" ?? ?? ??</code>

Used by the DOS program Fractint to save additional data (fractal parameters). The only documentation about this may be the source code<ref>[http://fractint.net/fractsvn/trunk/fractint/common/encoder.c Fractint source code: encoder.c]</ref>. See also [[FRA (Fractint)|FRA]].

== Identification ==
GIF files begin with ASCII characters "<code>GIF87a</code>" (version 87a), or "<code>GIF89a</code>" (version 89a).

== Specifications ==

* GIF87a
** [http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif87.txt Text] (W3C)
** [http://web.archive.org/web/20100929230301/http://www.etsimo.uniovi.es/gifanim/gif87a.txt Text] (Stanford)
** [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/gif.txt Text] (textfiles.com)
* GIF89a
** [http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt Text] (W3C)
** [http://www.textfiles.com/programming/FORMATS/gif89a.txt Text] (textfiles.com)
** [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/gif/GIF89a.html HTML] (rug.nl)
* [http://www.vurdalakov.net/misc/gif/netscape-looping-application-extension Netscape Looping Application Extension]
* [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/gif/netscape.html GIF Application Extension: NETSCAPE2.0] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20130317195536/http://odur.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/gif/netscape.html alternate link] from archive.org)

== Software ==
Support for GIF is ubiquitous. The software listed here has been arbitrarily selected.
* [http://giflib.sourceforge.net/ GIFLIB]
* [http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/ Netpbm]: ppmtogif, pamtogif, giftopnm
* [https://github.com/nategri/apple2/tree/master/animation_2color Animated GIF converter/player for Apple II series] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYiPmqjFEqQ Video] of it in action)
* [https://archive.org/download/MicrosoftGifAnimator/GIFAnimator.zip Microsoft GIF Animator]: small software program created by Microsoft in 1996 for making animated GIFs. Still works in Windows 8.

== File conversions ==
* [http://gfycat.com/ gfycat: Convert GIFs to HTML 5 video]
* [http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/sha/gifpop-custom-gif-cards-for-everyone Custom lenticular-printed cards from animated GIFs]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [[Wikipedia:Graphics Interchange Format]]
* [http://www.matthewflickinger.com/lab/whatsinagif/ What's in a GIF]
* [http://www.theimage.com/animation/toc/toc.html Gifology: Understanding GIF Files & GIF Animation]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20100929231133/http://www.etsimo.uniovi.es/gifanim/gifabout.htm All About GIF89a]
* [http://apple2.org.za/gswv/a2zine/GS.WorldView/Resources/The.MacShrinkIt.Project/ARCHIVES.TXT Archive format info, including GIF]
* {{EGFF|gif|GIF File Format Summary}}, from the [[Encyclopedia of Graphics File Formats]]
* [http://www.infinitepartitions.com/cgi-bin/showarticle.cgi?article=art011 Inside the GIF file format]
* [http://blog.oup.com/2012/11/oxford-dictionaries-usa-word-of-the-year-2012-gif/ GIF is Oxford Dictionary Word Of 2012]
* [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/21/an-honor-for-the-creator-of-the-gif/ An honor for the creator of the GIF]
* [http://scarygoround.com/?date=20130822 This web comic], part of a time-travel storyline, has a schoolgirl sleuth likening a time-looped version of 1960 at the other end of a wormhole to an animated GIF. (Not too much info about file formats here, but a neat comic!)
* [https://medium.com/matt-bors/8b90a02a4432 World War G (comic)]
* [http://thestoryofgif.com/post/59659280472/if-youd-like-to-watch-the-16-minute-presentation The Story of GIF (video)]
* [https://github.com/LindseyB/starwars-dot-gif Python script to generate GIFs from Star Wars based on input dialogue line]
* [http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2014/06/exhibiting-gifs-an-interview-with-curator-jason-eppink/ Exhibiting .gifs: An Interview with curator Jason Eppink]
* [http://nullsleep.tumblr.com/post/16524517190/animated-gif-minimum-frame-delay-browser-compatibility Animated GIF Minimum Frame Delay Browser Compatibility Study]
* [https://medium.com/message/jif-is-the-format-gif-is-the-culture-af8673796c44 ‘JIF’ Is the Format. ‘GIF’ Is the Culture]
* [http://mashable.com/2014/06/19/twitter-gifs/ How to post GIFs on Twitter]
* [http://blog.embed.ly/post/89265229166/what-twitter-isnt-telling-you-about-gifs What Twitter Isn’t Telling You About GIFs]
* The WHATWG wiki [http://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/GIF GIF page] has a good summary, and includes direct links to the implementation source code of a few browsers.

[[Category:Video]]

JP2

2014-05-07T14:27:22Z

AndyJackson: /* Software */

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Graphics
|subcat2=JPEG 2000
|extensions={{ext|jp2}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|image/jp2}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|x-fmt/392}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fdd000143}}, others
}}
JP2 is the baseline image file format defined by the [[JPEG 2000]] standard. It encapsulates a [[JPEG 2000 codestream]].

== Identifiers ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Format
! PRONOM
! LoCFDD
|-
|JP2 || {{PRONOM|x-fmt/392}} || {{LoCFDD|fdd000143}}
|-
|JP2, Lossless || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000167}}
|-
|JP2, Lossy || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000168}}
|-
|JP2, Profile 0 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000195}}
|-
|JP2, Profile 1 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000197}}
|-
|JP2, Profile 3 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000212}}
|-
|JP2, Profile 4 || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000214}}
|-
|JP2, BIIF Profile || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000169}}
|-
|JP2, NDNP Profile || || {{LoCFDD|fdd000193}}
|}

== Identification ==
JP2 files begin with bytes <code>00 00 00 0c 6a 50 20 20 0d 0a 87 0a ?? ?? ?? ?? 66 74 79 70 6a 70 32 20</code>.

Note that some Adobe applications (most notably Adobe Photoshop) produce [[JPX]] (JPEG 2000 Part 2) images that erroneously use the above byte sequence, which makes them (superficially) indistinguishable from JP2 images.

== Specifications ==
* [http://www.jpeg.org/public/15444-1annexi.pdf ISO/IEC 15444-1 Annex I: JP2 file format syntax]
* ISO/IEC 15444-1
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.800/en ITU-T Rec. T.800] (not free to download)
* [http://www.jpeg.org/jpeg2000/CDs15444.html JPEG 2000 Committee Drafts] → [http://www.jpeg.org/public/fcd15444-1.pdf fcd15444-1.pdf]
* [http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.800-201303-P!Amd6/en Updated ICC profile support, bit depth and resolution clarifications] - 2013 amendment to the filespec that extends support of ICC profiles and clarifies use of resolution fields in JP2
* [http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/open/29view/29n12288t.doc Updated ICC profile support, bit depth and resolution clarifications] - August 2011 draft of above amendment (freely available)

== Software ==
See also [[JPEG 2000#Software|JPEG 2000]].
* [https://github.com/openplanets/jpylyzer jpylyzer]: JP2 validator and property extractor
** Note also that the [http://openplanets.github.io/jpylyzer/userManual.html jpylyzer manual] also includes a detailed breakdown of the JP2 format structure.

== Sample files ==
* [http://www.opf-labs.org/format-corpus/jp2k-formats/ JPEG 2000 sample images]

== Related formats ==
* [[GeoJP2]] is an extension of the JP2 format which allows one to include geospatial metadata in georeferenced JP2 images.

== Links ==
* [[Wikipedia:JPEG 2000]]
* [http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2013/01/is-jpeg-2000-a-preservation-risk/ Is JPEG-2000 a Preservation Risk?]
* [http://wiki.opf-labs.org/display/TR/JP2 JP2 entries in OPF File Format Risk Registry] - describes some issues with (older versions of) the format spec and issues with specific implementations

Cameras and Digital Image Sensors

2014-04-23T09:26:59Z

AndyJackson:

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|thiscat=Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
|image=Old-camera-1352392502n6P.jpg
}}

Raw image formats (unprocessed data from digital image sensors, usually digital cameras)

* [[Arriflex D-20]]: .ari
* [[Camera Image File Format]] (CIFF) as used by Canon: .crw
* [[Canon RAW 2]]: .cr2
* [[Casio digital cameras]]: .bay
* [[CHDK raw]] : (Older-style CHDK RAW files)
* [[DNG]] (Digital Negative): .dng (Adobe)
* [[Epson]]: .erf
* [[Fujifilm]]: .raf
* [[Hasselblad]]: .3fr
* [[Imacon]]: .fff
* [[Kodak]]: .dcs, .dcr, .drf, .k25, .kdc
* [[Leaf]]: .mos
* [[Leica]]: .raw, .rw2, .dng
* [[Logitech]]: .pxn
* [[Lytro]]: .lfp
* [[mef]] (Mamiya)
* [[Minolta]]: .mrw
* [[Nikon]]: .nef, .nrw, .ndf
* [[Olympus Raw format]]: .orf
* [[Panasonic digital cameras]]: .raw, .rw2
* [[Pentax]]: .pef, .ptx
* [[Phase One]]: .cap, .iiq, .eip
* [[Rawzor]]: .rwz
* [[RED digital pictures]]: .r3d
* [[Samsung digital cameras]]: .srw
* [[Sigma X3F]]: .x3f
* [[Sony digital cameras]]: .arw, .srf, .sr2
** [[Sony Mavica 411]] (thumbnails)
* [[TIFF/EP]] (ISO 12234-2)

See also [[Graphics]]

== Software ==
* [http://libopenraw.freedesktop.org/wiki/ libopenraw]
* [http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ dcraw]
* [http://www.libraw.org/ LibRaw] (based on dcraw)
* [http://ufraw.sourceforge.net/ UFRaw] (based on dcraw)
* [http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/ Netpbm]: cameratopam

== Links ==
* [http://lewiscollard.com/cameras/hdr-sucks/ HDR is stupid and it sucks]
* [http://opensource.samsung.com/ Samsung source code (including for their digital cameras)]
* [http://teacherdudebbq.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/riot-photographers-decalogue.html How to photograph riots]
* [http://imgur.com/gallery/Kl0nI World's first digital camera (1975)]

Lytro

2014-04-23T09:26:09Z

AndyJackson: Created page with "{{FormatInfo | name = Lytro | formattype = electronic | subcat = Cameras and Digital Image Sensors | subcat2 = | ..."

{{FormatInfo
| name = Lytro
| formattype = electronic
| subcat = Cameras and Digital Image Sensors
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions = {{ext|lfp}}
| mimetypes =
| pronom =
| locfdd =
| fourccs =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}



The [[Wikipedia:Lytro|Lytro]] light-field camera captures images that can be refocussed later, rather than a capturing a single focal plane.

== Specifications ==

No formal specification document is known to be publicly available at present.

* The [https://github.com/nrpatel/lfptools LFP Tools] project provides details on how to access the contents of the image files.

== See also ==



== External links ==

* [[Wikipedia:Lytro]]
* [https://www.lytro.com/ lytro.com]
* [http://eclecti.cc/computervision/reverse-engineering-the-lytro-lfp-file-format Reverse Engineering the Lytro .LFP File Format]

MediaWiki talk:Searchmenu-new

2014-04-23T09:17:24Z

AndyJackson: Created page with " == Adding a preload template for File Formats == I'd like to add a 'Preload Template' hook here for file formats here, as we've done for the [http://coptr.digipres.org/index...."

== Adding a preload template for File Formats ==
I'd like to add a 'Preload Template' hook here for file formats here, as we've done for the [http://coptr.digipres.org/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&profile=default&search=my+search+term&fulltext=Search COPTR wiki], using the [[Template:File Format/Preload]] template. This would make adding new pages easier.

<pre>
The page '$1' does not exist on this wiki. You can fix that!
* <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:$1|action=edit&preload=Template:File Format/Preload}} '''Create a new Tool page about $1''']</span>
* Create a new, plain wiki page called [[:$1]].
</pre>

Template:File Format/Preload

2014-04-23T09:10:27Z

AndyJackson:

{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype = electronic
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions = {{ext|XXX}}
| mimetypes = {{mimetype|application/octet-stream}}
| pronom = {{PRONOM|fmt/XXX}}
| locfdd = {{LoCFDD|fddXXXXXX}}
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}

See [[Template:FormatInfo]] for more information on how to use the above infobox.



== Specifications ==

* e.g. [http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/photoshop/pdfs/dng_spec_1.4.0.0.pdf Digital Negative Specification, Version 1.4.0.0] (2012-06)

== See also ==


* e.g. [[TIFF]]

== External links ==

* e.g. [[Wikipedia:Main]]



e.g. [[Category:TIFF]]

Template:File Format/Preload

2014-04-23T09:10:02Z

AndyJackson:

{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype = electronic
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 = {{mimetype|application/octet-stream}}
| thiscat =
| extensions = {{ext|XXX}}
| mimetypes =
| pronom = {{PRONOM|fmt/XXX}}
| locfdd = {{LoCFDD|fddXXXXXX}}
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}

See [[Template:FormatInfo]] for more information on how to use the above infobox.



== Specifications ==

* e.g. [http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/photoshop/pdfs/dng_spec_1.4.0.0.pdf Digital Negative Specification, Version 1.4.0.0] (2012-06)

== See also ==


* e.g. [[TIFF]]

== External links ==

* e.g. [[Wikipedia:Main]]



e.g. [[Category:TIFF]]

Template:File Format/Preload

2014-04-23T09:09:09Z

AndyJackson:

{{FormatInfo
| name =
| formattype = electronic
| subcat =
| subcat2 =
| subcat3 =
| subcat4 =
| subcat5 =
| thiscat =
| extensions = {{ext|XXX}}
| mimetypes =
| pronom = {{PRONOM|fmt/XXX}}
| locfdd = {{LoCFDD|fddXXXXXX}}
| fourccs =
| pronom =
| type code =
| uniform type =
| conforms to =
| released =
| image =
| caption =
}}

See [[Template:FormatInfo]] for more information on how to use the above infobox.



== Specifications ==

* e.g. [http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/photoshop/pdfs/dng_spec_1.4.0.0.pdf Digital Negative Specification, Version 1.4.0.0] (2012-06)

== See also ==


* e.g. [[TIFF]]

== External links ==

* e.g. [[Wikipedia:Main]]



e.g. [[Category:TIFF]]

Template:File Format/Preload

2014-04-23T09:05:13Z

AndyJackson: Created page with "{{FormatInfo |formattype=electronic |subcat= |extensions={{ext|XXX}} |pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/XXX}} |locfdd={{LoCFDD|fddXXXXXX}} }} <!-- Add an introduction to the format here --..."

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=
|extensions={{ext|XXX}}
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/XXX}}
|locfdd={{LoCFDD|fddXXXXXX}}
}}



== Specifications ==

* e.g. [http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/photoshop/pdfs/dng_spec_1.4.0.0.pdf Digital Negative Specification, Version 1.4.0.0] (2012-06)

== See also ==


* e.g. [[TIFF]]

== External links ==

* e.g. [[Wikipedia:Main]]



e.g. [[Category:TIFF]]

User:AndyJackson

2014-04-23T09:01:36Z

AndyJackson:

If you need to get in touch, use [http://twitter.com/anjacks0n Twitter] or [http://anjackson.net/contact my site's contact form].

Experiments
* [[User:AndyJackson/CIF]]
* Templates
** [[Template:File Format/Preload]]

Optical Discs

2014-04-22T10:46:07Z

AndyJackson: /* Links */ Added link to new introductory guide to preserving optical media.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=physical
|thiscat=Optical Discs
|image=Optical-discs.jpg
|caption=Some CDs and DVDs
}}

An '''optical disc''' is read by a laser. They have been used extensively to store and distribute music, movies, and computer programs and data. CD drives became commonplace in personal computers in the mid-1990s, and burners to create CD-ROMs on personal computers were common by the early 2000s. Later, the higher-capacity DVD format became common both for reading and writing as well, and the even newer BluRay format won a "format war" against rival HD-DVD to get some popularity at present, though physical formats in general are on the wane as a distribution format due to the widespread deployment of the high-bandwidth Internet.

* [[BluRay Disc]]
** [[M-Disc]]
* [[CD]] (Compact Disc)
** [[CD-DA]] (Compact Disc Digital Audio or Red Book)
** [[CD-MIDI]]
** [[CD-ROM]] (Yellow Book)
** [[DD-CD]] (Double-density Compact Disc)
** [[Enhanced CD]]
** [[Photo CD]] (Beige Book)
*** [[CD-i]] (Green Book)
** [[SACD]] (Super Audio CD or Scarlet Book)
** [[VCD]] (Video CD or White Book)
*** [[Super Video CD]]
* [[DVD]]
** [[DVD-Audio]]
** [[DVD-ROM]]
** [[M-Disc]]
* [[Enhanced Versatile Disc]]
* [[GD-ROM]]
* [[HD-DVD]]
** [[China Blue High-Definition Disc]]
* [[Laserdisc]]
* Nintendo optical discs
** [[Nintendo GameCube Game Disc]]
** [[Nintendo Wii Optical Disc]]
** [[Nintendo Wii U Optical Disc]]
* [[Thomson-CSF system]]
* [[Ultra Density Optical]]
* [[Universal Media Disc]]

== Links ==
* [http://www.thexlab.com/faqs/opticalmedialongevity.html Optical media longevity]
* [http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201403/14-0310E/index.html "Archival Disc" standard formulated for professional-use next-generation optical discs] (up to 1 TB capacity)
* [http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/9581 An Introduction to Optical Media Preservation] by [https://twitter.com/archivetype @archivetype]

SIARD

2014-02-27T10:05:42Z

AndyJackson: No mime type.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Database
|extensions={{ext|siard}}
|mimetypes=
|locfdd=
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/161}}
}}

SIARD stands for Software Independent Archiving of Relational Databases. Originally the Swiss Federal Archives (SFA) have developed the SIARD format as a sustainable solution for the archiving of relations databases. It is based on converting the contents of databases into XML.

= Standardisation =
In early 2013 SIARD format has been adopted as an eCH Standard ([http://www.ech.ch/vechweb/page?p=dossier&documentNumber=eCH-0165 eCH-0165: SIARD format specification]).

eCH is the Swiss organization for standardization in the field of e-government. eCH Standards define guidelines for recurring applications and their results, as for example format definitions or procedural standards. The aim of those standards is to unify and thus facilitate the electronic collaboration between authorities as well as between authorities and organizations, educational and research institutions, firms and private organizations.

Template:Mimetype

2014-02-27T10:01:04Z

AndyJackson:

<span style="font-family: monospace;">[http://fileformats.archiveteam.org/wiki/Category:File_formats_with_extension_.{{{1}}} {{{1}}}]</span>

Category:File formats with extension .siard

2014-02-27T09:42:48Z

AndyJackson: Created page with "S"

[[Category:File formats by extension|S]]

SIARD

2014-02-27T09:23:37Z

AndyJackson: Added initial outline for SIARD, moved from the COPTR wiki.

{{FormatInfo
|formattype=electronic
|subcat=Database
|extensions={{ext|siard}}
|mimetypes={{mimetype|application/pdf}}
|locfdd=
|pronom={{PRONOM|fmt/161}}
}}

SIARD stands for Software Independent Archiving of Relational Databases. Originally the Swiss Federal Archives (SFA) have developed the SIARD format as a sustainable solution for the archiving of relations databases. It is based on converting the contents of databases into XML.

= Standardisation =
In early 2013 SIARD format has been adopted as an eCH Standard ([http://www.ech.ch/vechweb/page?p=dossier&documentNumber=eCH-0165 eCH-0165: SIARD format specification]).

eCH is the Swiss organization for standardization in the field of e-government. eCH Standards define guidelines for recurring applications and their results, as for example format definitions or procedural standards. The aim of those standards is to unify and thus facilitate the electronic collaboration between authorities as well as between authorities and organizations, educational and research institutions, firms and private organizations.

WordStar

2014-02-26T14:13:40Z

AndyJackson: /* Software */

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Document
|extensions={{ext|ws}}, {{ext|ws3}}, {{ext|wsd}}, others
|released=1978
}}
'''[[WordStar]]''' was a word processor originally released in 1978 which was extremely popular in the early 1980s before losing ground to other word processors (particularly [[WordPerfect]]). Many professional writers used it in that era, and given their notorious conservatism regarding tools used for their writing, some are still using it to this day. This means that many original manuscripts are stored in this format.

The original version was for the CP/M operating system, but it was later ported to a number of other systems; the PC/MS-DOS version became the most popular one. The particular set of control keys used for accessing various functions (often requiring multiple keypresses) were widely imitated in other programs at the time, making a "de-facto standard" for editing keys that got even wider use than WordStar itself.

As with many early word processors, its files were basically plain text, with optional special functions causing control characters to be inserted. Files could be created or edited with any extension, but '''.ws''' (sometimes with an appended number to mark versions, like '''.ws3''') was commonly used.

One quirk present in versions prior to 5.0 was its use of the high bit of each byte of its files to denote the last letter of a word. This limited the character set to 7-bit [[ASCII]], where all characters in the document that were not the last letter of a word had a clear high bit (and thus had values from 00-7F hex corresponding to the ASCII values), while last letters had the high bit set (giving them values from 80-FF hex, but actually representing the corresponding characters from 00-7F). This interfered with internationalization, since it prevented the use of extended character sets beyond ASCII, and also resulted in WordStar files having characters at the end of words that looked like gibberish in other programs which interpreted the characters via some 8-bit encoding. Eventually this "feature" was dropped, but even in late versions extended characters were marked in the saved files by control characters both preceding and following them, making an 8-bit character take three bytes to store, which was necessary to preserve file compatibility (old WordStar files with high bits set at the end of words still needed to load correctly meaning that the program couldn't interpret high-bit characters as other characters in extended character sets without a special marker).

Extended characters (when they appeared in the special escaped sequence, consisting of character 1B hex, followed by the special character, followed by character 1C hex) were generally of the [[MS-DOS encodings]], at least if the file was created in a DOS version of WordStar.

There was also a [[WordStar 2000]] program, with its own different file format not compatible with other WordStar versions; this program (which, despite its name, was released in the 1980s, nowhere near the year 2000) was intended to be a new-generation word-processor to compete with the newer programs that were starting to catch on at the time, but didn't succeed and actually went out of use earlier than the original WordStar, which continued to get updated through the 1990s.

== Converting WordStar files with high bits set ==

Some other programs have special "WordStar import" features which handle high-bit characters, but if you need to deal with such files without a conversion utility, it's helpful to change high-bit characters to their corresponding 7-bit characters in order to have standard ASCII. This can be done simply in most programming or scripting languages; here's a Perl example, for instance.

open OUTFILE, ">out.txt";
open INFILE, "<in.ws";
while (<INFILE>)
{
tr [\200-\377] [\000-\177];
print OUTFILE $_;
}
close INFILE;
close OUTFILE;

== Control characters ==

These are the control characters as stored in WordStar documents, and their meanings. Most of them are program-specific, not corresponding to the standard ASCII control meanings, though some of these are preserved. The toggle options were used at the start and end of blocks of text intended to be formatted in a particular way (e.g., bold).

{| class="wikitable"
! title="Hexadecimal code point" | Hex
! title="Decimal code point" | Dec
! title="Standard ASCII Acronym" | ASCII Char
! title="Control key" | Ctrl Key
! title="PC-Write Key" | WordStar Key
! title="Description and uses" | WordStar meaning
|-
|00||0||NUL||^@||Control-PZ||In some versions right-aligns text; in others fixes print head to absolute position of character in line
|-
|01||1||SOH||^A||Control-PA||Toggles alternate font
|-
|02||2||STX||^B||Control-PB||Toggles Bold mode
|-
|03||3||ETX||^C||Control-PC||Pause print for user response
|-
|04||4||EOT||^D||Control-PD||Toggles double-strike mode
|-
|05||5||ENQ||^E||Control-PE||Custom print control
|-
|06||6||ACK||^F||Control-PF||Phantom space
|-
|07||7||BEL||^G||Control-PG||Phantom rubout
|-
|08||8||BS||^H||Control-PH||Overprint previous character (backspace)
|-
|09||9||HT||^I||Control-PI||Tab
|-
|0A||10||LF||^J||Control-PJ||Linefeed: follows Carriage Return for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0B||11||VT||^K||Control-PK||In some versions, centers text; in others marks text to be indexed (placed both before and after the text sequence)
|-
|0C||12||FF||^L||Control-PL||Form feed (page break)
|-
|0D||13||CR||^M||Control-PM||Carriage Return: precedes Linefeed for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0E||14||SO||^N||Control-PN||Return to normal character width
|-
|0F||15||SI||^O||Control-PO||Non-breaking space
|-
|10||16||DLE||^P||Control-PP||Unused
|-
|11||17||DC1||^Q||Control-PQ||Custom print control
|-
|12||18||DC2||^R||Contorl-PR||Custom print control
|-
|13||19||DC3||^S||Control-PS||Toggles underline mode
|-
|14||20||DC4||^T||Control-PT||Toggles superscript mode
|-
|15||21||NAK||^U||Control-PU||Unused
|-
|16||22||SYN||^V||Control-PV||Toggles subscript mode
|-
|17||23||ETB||^W||Control-PW||Custom print control
|-
|18||24||CAN||^X||Control-PX||Toggles overstrike mode
|-
|19||25||EM||^Y||Control-PY||Toggles italic mode
|-
|1A||26||SUB||^Z||||End-of-file character
|-
|1B||27||ESC||^[||||Marks that following character is extended character
|-
|1C||28||FS||^\||||Marks that previous character is extended character (you need both 1B and 1C to delimit extended characters)
|-
|1D||29||GS||^]||||Symmetrical sequence start/stop character
|-
|1E||30||RS||^^||||Inactive Soft Hyphen
|-
|1F||31||US||^_||||Active Soft Hyphen
|-
|8D||141||||||||Soft Carriage Return (inserted, followed by normal linefeed 0A, to mark soft line break at word-wrap)
|-
|A0||160||||||||Soft Space
|}

== Dot commands ==

These commands are intended to be on a line by themselves, and started with the dot (.). This meant that regular text lines couldn't start with dots. Many other early word processors emulated WordStar in their use of "dot lines" for commands, though some of them required a control character to precede the dot in order to allow dots at the start of normal text lines. The specific commands varied a lot between programs, however.

:'''..''' Comment line (followed by comment text; not printed)
:'''.av''' Pause to ask user for value of variable
:'''.aw''' Turn aligning/word-wrap on or off
:'''.bn''' Select sheet feeder bin
:'''.cc ''n''''' Conditional column break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.co''' Specifies number of columns and optionally gutter width
:'''.cp ''n''''' Conditional page break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.cs ''string''''' Clear screen and display message
:'''.cv''' Convert note type (convert first type specified to second type)
:'''.cw ''n''''' Set character width to given number of 1/120 inch increments
:'''.df ''filename''''' Insert data file ([[CSV]], [[dBase III|dBase]], etc)
:'''.dm ''string''''' Display message
:'''.e#''' Set new value for endnote numbering
:'''.ei''' End .if block (must be paired up with .if command)
:'''.el''' Begins optional else clause after .if command
:'''.f#''' Set new value for footnote numbering, and optionally set whether it restarts each page or is consecutive
:'''.fi ''filename''''' Insert text file ([[ASCII]], WordStar, [[Lotus 1-2-3]], etc.)
:'''.fm ''n''''' Set footer margin (number of lines left blank between main text and first footer line; default 2; footer margin and footer lines must fit within bottom margin)
:'''.fo''' If followed by text string, sets footer line; without a string resets footer. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.f1''' First footer line (if using multiple-line footer)
:'''.f2''' Second footer line
:'''.f3''' Third footer line
:'''.f4''' Fourth footer line
:'''.f5''' Fifth footer line
:'''.go''' Go to top or bottom of document
:'''.he''' If followed by text string, sets header line; without a string resets header. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.h1''' First header line (if using multiple-line header)
:'''.h2''' Second header line
:'''.h3''' Third header line
:'''.h4''' Fourth header line
:'''.h5''' Fifth header line
:'''.hm ''n''''' Set header margin (number of lines left blank between last header line and top of main text; default 2; header margin and header lines must fit within top margin)
:'''.hy''' Turn auto-hyphenating on or off
:'''.if ''condition''''' Conditional clause: can test string variables with = < > <> and number variables with #= #<> #< #> and print/execute following lines up to .ei if true, and optional else clause starting with .el if false. May be nested up to 255 levels.
:'''.ig ''string''''' Ignore text on remainder of line (same as .. for comments).
:'''.ix''' Puts text on remainder of line in index. Main entries and subentries can be separated with comma. If text starts with - it's used as cross-reference, and if it starts with + the page number is boldfaced.
:'''.kr''' Adjust kerning
:'''.l#''' Turns line numbering on/off or specifies attributes of line numbering
:'''.lh ''n''''' Set line height to n 1/48-inch increments. Argument of a sets auto-leading.
:'''.lm ''n''''' Set left margin to n characters
:'''.lq''' Letter quality on/off
:'''.ls ''n''''' Set line spacing to n (1-9), where 1 is single-spaced, 2 double-spaced, etc.
:'''.ma''' Math: Store result of a calculation in a variable
:'''.mb ''n''''' Set bottom margin (must be big enough to include all footers)
:'''.mt ''n''''' Set top margin (must be big enough to include all headers)
:'''.oc''' Turn centering on or off
:'''.oj''' Turn output justification on or off
:'''.op''' Omit page numbers
:'''.p#''' Set paragraph number or formatting of paragraph numbers.
:'''.pa''' Page break
:'''.pc ''n''''' Put page numbers at column n, or centered if 0 is used.
:'''.pe''' Print endnotes at this point in document
:'''.pf''' Turn paragraph realignment on or off
:'''.pg''' Turn on page numbering (reverses .op)
:'''.pl ''n''''' Set page length to n lines (usually 66 for normal letter paper)
:'''.pm ''n''''' Set paragraph margin (indenting)
:'''.pn ''n''''' Set current page number
:'''.po ''n''''' Set page offset (added to left margin), optionally separately for even or odd pages
:'''.pr''' Set print orientation ('''.pr or=l''' for landscape, '''.pr or=p''' for portrait)
:'''.ps''' Turn proportional spacing on or off
:'''.rm ''n''''' Set right margin
:'''.rp''' Repeat-print multiple copies (may not work with .df command)
:'''.rr''' Embed ruler line (may add number from 0 to 9 to specify preformatted ruler from user area)
:'''.rv''' Read variable
:'''.sb''' Suppress blank lines (on/off)
:'''.sr ''n''''' subscript/superscript roll (in 1/48ths of an inch), default 3
:'''.sv''' Set variable
:'''.tb''' Set tab stops
:'''.tc ''string''''' The string is set as a table of contents entry; # is used to indicate where page number is inserted
:'''.t1 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 1
:'''.t2 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 2
:'''.t3 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 3
:'''.t4 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 4
:'''.t5 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 5
:'''.t6 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 6
:'''.t7 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 7
:'''.t8 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 8
:'''.t9 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 9
:'''.uj''' Turn on or off micro-justify (spreads right-justify space in very fine increments)
:'''.ul''' Turn on or off continuous underlining (of blanks between words)
:'''.xe''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-E
:'''.xq''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-Q
:'''.xr''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-R
:'''.xw''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-W
:'''.xl''' Form feed with controls defined by hex pairs following command
:'''.xx ''c''''' Set strikeout character

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.moon-soft.com/program/format/text/wordst.htm WordStar file format documentation]

== Software ==
* [http://vetusware.com/download/WordStar%204.00/?id=3443 WordStar 4.0 download]
* [http://www.brothersoft.com/wordstar-207541.html WordStar 7.0 download]
* [https://archive.org/details/wordstar_2.26_osborne1_1981_micropro In-browser emulation: WordStar Word Processing Version 2.26 (1981) (MicroPro) (Osborne 1) (1981)]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/index.php/wordstar-emulator/11-wordstar-file-conversion/107-habit-wordstar-converter HABit WordStar Converter]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20100317135102/http://www.wordstar.org/wordstar/pages/convert_faq.htm Converting WordStar Files into Other Formats]

== Manuals ==
* [http://archive.org/details/Wordstar_Rel_4_for_CPM_1979_Micropro_International WordStar manual (CP/M, 1979)]

== Other links ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordStar WordStar (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/ WordStar resource site]

WordStar

2014-02-26T14:11:24Z

AndyJackson: /* Software */

{{FormatInfo
|subcat=Document
|extensions={{ext|ws}}, {{ext|ws3}}, {{ext|wsd}}, others
|released=1978
}}
'''[[WordStar]]''' was a word processor originally released in 1978 which was extremely popular in the early 1980s before losing ground to other word processors (particularly [[WordPerfect]]). Many professional writers used it in that era, and given their notorious conservatism regarding tools used for their writing, some are still using it to this day. This means that many original manuscripts are stored in this format.

The original version was for the CP/M operating system, but it was later ported to a number of other systems; the PC/MS-DOS version became the most popular one. The particular set of control keys used for accessing various functions (often requiring multiple keypresses) were widely imitated in other programs at the time, making a "de-facto standard" for editing keys that got even wider use than WordStar itself.

As with many early word processors, its files were basically plain text, with optional special functions causing control characters to be inserted. Files could be created or edited with any extension, but '''.ws''' (sometimes with an appended number to mark versions, like '''.ws3''') was commonly used.

One quirk present in versions prior to 5.0 was its use of the high bit of each byte of its files to denote the last letter of a word. This limited the character set to 7-bit [[ASCII]], where all characters in the document that were not the last letter of a word had a clear high bit (and thus had values from 00-7F hex corresponding to the ASCII values), while last letters had the high bit set (giving them values from 80-FF hex, but actually representing the corresponding characters from 00-7F). This interfered with internationalization, since it prevented the use of extended character sets beyond ASCII, and also resulted in WordStar files having characters at the end of words that looked like gibberish in other programs which interpreted the characters via some 8-bit encoding. Eventually this "feature" was dropped, but even in late versions extended characters were marked in the saved files by control characters both preceding and following them, making an 8-bit character take three bytes to store, which was necessary to preserve file compatibility (old WordStar files with high bits set at the end of words still needed to load correctly meaning that the program couldn't interpret high-bit characters as other characters in extended character sets without a special marker).

Extended characters (when they appeared in the special escaped sequence, consisting of character 1B hex, followed by the special character, followed by character 1C hex) were generally of the [[MS-DOS encodings]], at least if the file was created in a DOS version of WordStar.

There was also a [[WordStar 2000]] program, with its own different file format not compatible with other WordStar versions; this program (which, despite its name, was released in the 1980s, nowhere near the year 2000) was intended to be a new-generation word-processor to compete with the newer programs that were starting to catch on at the time, but didn't succeed and actually went out of use earlier than the original WordStar, which continued to get updated through the 1990s.

== Converting WordStar files with high bits set ==

Some other programs have special "WordStar import" features which handle high-bit characters, but if you need to deal with such files without a conversion utility, it's helpful to change high-bit characters to their corresponding 7-bit characters in order to have standard ASCII. This can be done simply in most programming or scripting languages; here's a Perl example, for instance.

open OUTFILE, ">out.txt";
open INFILE, "<in.ws";
while (<INFILE>)
{
tr [\200-\377] [\000-\177];
print OUTFILE $_;
}
close INFILE;
close OUTFILE;

== Control characters ==

These are the control characters as stored in WordStar documents, and their meanings. Most of them are program-specific, not corresponding to the standard ASCII control meanings, though some of these are preserved. The toggle options were used at the start and end of blocks of text intended to be formatted in a particular way (e.g., bold).

{| class="wikitable"
! title="Hexadecimal code point" | Hex
! title="Decimal code point" | Dec
! title="Standard ASCII Acronym" | ASCII Char
! title="Control key" | Ctrl Key
! title="PC-Write Key" | WordStar Key
! title="Description and uses" | WordStar meaning
|-
|00||0||NUL||^@||Control-PZ||In some versions right-aligns text; in others fixes print head to absolute position of character in line
|-
|01||1||SOH||^A||Control-PA||Toggles alternate font
|-
|02||2||STX||^B||Control-PB||Toggles Bold mode
|-
|03||3||ETX||^C||Control-PC||Pause print for user response
|-
|04||4||EOT||^D||Control-PD||Toggles double-strike mode
|-
|05||5||ENQ||^E||Control-PE||Custom print control
|-
|06||6||ACK||^F||Control-PF||Phantom space
|-
|07||7||BEL||^G||Control-PG||Phantom rubout
|-
|08||8||BS||^H||Control-PH||Overprint previous character (backspace)
|-
|09||9||HT||^I||Control-PI||Tab
|-
|0A||10||LF||^J||Control-PJ||Linefeed: follows Carriage Return for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0B||11||VT||^K||Control-PK||In some versions, centers text; in others marks text to be indexed (placed both before and after the text sequence)
|-
|0C||12||FF||^L||Control-PL||Form feed (page break)
|-
|0D||13||CR||^M||Control-PM||Carriage Return: precedes Linefeed for line break. (Enter/Return inserts two-character sequence ^M^J)
|-
|0E||14||SO||^N||Control-PN||Return to normal character width
|-
|0F||15||SI||^O||Control-PO||Non-breaking space
|-
|10||16||DLE||^P||Control-PP||Unused
|-
|11||17||DC1||^Q||Control-PQ||Custom print control
|-
|12||18||DC2||^R||Contorl-PR||Custom print control
|-
|13||19||DC3||^S||Control-PS||Toggles underline mode
|-
|14||20||DC4||^T||Control-PT||Toggles superscript mode
|-
|15||21||NAK||^U||Control-PU||Unused
|-
|16||22||SYN||^V||Control-PV||Toggles subscript mode
|-
|17||23||ETB||^W||Control-PW||Custom print control
|-
|18||24||CAN||^X||Control-PX||Toggles overstrike mode
|-
|19||25||EM||^Y||Control-PY||Toggles italic mode
|-
|1A||26||SUB||^Z||||End-of-file character
|-
|1B||27||ESC||^[||||Marks that following character is extended character
|-
|1C||28||FS||^\||||Marks that previous character is extended character (you need both 1B and 1C to delimit extended characters)
|-
|1D||29||GS||^]||||Symmetrical sequence start/stop character
|-
|1E||30||RS||^^||||Inactive Soft Hyphen
|-
|1F||31||US||^_||||Active Soft Hyphen
|-
|8D||141||||||||Soft Carriage Return (inserted, followed by normal linefeed 0A, to mark soft line break at word-wrap)
|-
|A0||160||||||||Soft Space
|}

== Dot commands ==

These commands are intended to be on a line by themselves, and started with the dot (.). This meant that regular text lines couldn't start with dots. Many other early word processors emulated WordStar in their use of "dot lines" for commands, though some of them required a control character to precede the dot in order to allow dots at the start of normal text lines. The specific commands varied a lot between programs, however.

:'''..''' Comment line (followed by comment text; not printed)
:'''.av''' Pause to ask user for value of variable
:'''.aw''' Turn aligning/word-wrap on or off
:'''.bn''' Select sheet feeder bin
:'''.cc ''n''''' Conditional column break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.co''' Specifies number of columns and optionally gutter width
:'''.cp ''n''''' Conditional page break if n lines won't fit on page
:'''.cs ''string''''' Clear screen and display message
:'''.cv''' Convert note type (convert first type specified to second type)
:'''.cw ''n''''' Set character width to given number of 1/120 inch increments
:'''.df ''filename''''' Insert data file ([[CSV]], [[dBase III|dBase]], etc)
:'''.dm ''string''''' Display message
:'''.e#''' Set new value for endnote numbering
:'''.ei''' End .if block (must be paired up with .if command)
:'''.el''' Begins optional else clause after .if command
:'''.f#''' Set new value for footnote numbering, and optionally set whether it restarts each page or is consecutive
:'''.fi ''filename''''' Insert text file ([[ASCII]], WordStar, [[Lotus 1-2-3]], etc.)
:'''.fm ''n''''' Set footer margin (number of lines left blank between main text and first footer line; default 2; footer margin and footer lines must fit within bottom margin)
:'''.fo''' If followed by text string, sets footer line; without a string resets footer. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.f1''' First footer line (if using multiple-line footer)
:'''.f2''' Second footer line
:'''.f3''' Third footer line
:'''.f4''' Fourth footer line
:'''.f5''' Fifth footer line
:'''.go''' Go to top or bottom of document
:'''.he''' If followed by text string, sets header line; without a string resets header. Can optionally specify odd or even pages.
:'''.h1''' First header line (if using multiple-line header)
:'''.h2''' Second header line
:'''.h3''' Third header line
:'''.h4''' Fourth header line
:'''.h5''' Fifth header line
:'''.hm ''n''''' Set header margin (number of lines left blank between last header line and top of main text; default 2; header margin and header lines must fit within top margin)
:'''.hy''' Turn auto-hyphenating on or off
:'''.if ''condition''''' Conditional clause: can test string variables with = < > <> and number variables with #= #<> #< #> and print/execute following lines up to .ei if true, and optional else clause starting with .el if false. May be nested up to 255 levels.
:'''.ig ''string''''' Ignore text on remainder of line (same as .. for comments).
:'''.ix''' Puts text on remainder of line in index. Main entries and subentries can be separated with comma. If text starts with - it's used as cross-reference, and if it starts with + the page number is boldfaced.
:'''.kr''' Adjust kerning
:'''.l#''' Turns line numbering on/off or specifies attributes of line numbering
:'''.lh ''n''''' Set line height to n 1/48-inch increments. Argument of a sets auto-leading.
:'''.lm ''n''''' Set left margin to n characters
:'''.lq''' Letter quality on/off
:'''.ls ''n''''' Set line spacing to n (1-9), where 1 is single-spaced, 2 double-spaced, etc.
:'''.ma''' Math: Store result of a calculation in a variable
:'''.mb ''n''''' Set bottom margin (must be big enough to include all footers)
:'''.mt ''n''''' Set top margin (must be big enough to include all headers)
:'''.oc''' Turn centering on or off
:'''.oj''' Turn output justification on or off
:'''.op''' Omit page numbers
:'''.p#''' Set paragraph number or formatting of paragraph numbers.
:'''.pa''' Page break
:'''.pc ''n''''' Put page numbers at column n, or centered if 0 is used.
:'''.pe''' Print endnotes at this point in document
:'''.pf''' Turn paragraph realignment on or off
:'''.pg''' Turn on page numbering (reverses .op)
:'''.pl ''n''''' Set page length to n lines (usually 66 for normal letter paper)
:'''.pm ''n''''' Set paragraph margin (indenting)
:'''.pn ''n''''' Set current page number
:'''.po ''n''''' Set page offset (added to left margin), optionally separately for even or odd pages
:'''.pr''' Set print orientation ('''.pr or=l''' for landscape, '''.pr or=p''' for portrait)
:'''.ps''' Turn proportional spacing on or off
:'''.rm ''n''''' Set right margin
:'''.rp''' Repeat-print multiple copies (may not work with .df command)
:'''.rr''' Embed ruler line (may add number from 0 to 9 to specify preformatted ruler from user area)
:'''.rv''' Read variable
:'''.sb''' Suppress blank lines (on/off)
:'''.sr ''n''''' subscript/superscript roll (in 1/48ths of an inch), default 3
:'''.sv''' Set variable
:'''.tb''' Set tab stops
:'''.tc ''string''''' The string is set as a table of contents entry; # is used to indicate where page number is inserted
:'''.t1 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 1
:'''.t2 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 2
:'''.t3 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 3
:'''.t4 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 4
:'''.t5 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 5
:'''.t6 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 6
:'''.t7 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 7
:'''.t8 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 8
:'''.t9 ''string''''' Table of contents entry 9
:'''.uj''' Turn on or off micro-justify (spreads right-justify space in very fine increments)
:'''.ul''' Turn on or off continuous underlining (of blanks between words)
:'''.xe''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-E
:'''.xq''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-Q
:'''.xr''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-R
:'''.xw''' Up to 5 bytes following command define custom print control for Ctrl-W
:'''.xl''' Form feed with controls defined by hex pairs following command
:'''.xx ''c''''' Set strikeout character

== Format documentation ==
* [http://www.moon-soft.com/program/format/text/wordst.htm WordStar file format documentation]

== Software ==
* [http://vetusware.com/download/WordStar%204.00/?id=3443 WordStar 4.0 download]
* [http://www.brothersoft.com/wordstar-207541.html WordStar 7.0 download]
* [https://archive.org/details/wordstar_2.26_osborne1_1981_micropro In-browser emulation: WordStar Word Processing Version 2.26 (1981) (MicroPro) (Osborne 1) (1981)]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/index.php/wordstar-emulator/11-wordstar-file-conversion/107-habit-wordstar-converter HABit WordStar Converter]

== Manuals ==
* [http://archive.org/details/Wordstar_Rel_4_for_CPM_1979_Micropro_International WordStar manual (CP/M, 1979)]

== Other links ==
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordStar WordStar (Wikipedia)]
* [http://www.wordstar.org/ WordStar resource site]